《明儒學案•浙中王門學案》中錢緒山與王龍溪思想之述評

A Reflection on the Thoughts of Ch'ien Hsü-shan and Wang Lung-hsi in Ming Confucian Scholars' Dispute

高瑋謙(Wei-Chen Kao)

《鵝湖學誌》 27期 (2001/12) Pp. 63-104

https://doi.org/10.29653/LS.200112.0003

摘要

本文就著黃宗羲在《明儒學案•浙中王門學案》中對於緒山、龍溪二人思想之纂述，進行檢討並提出批評，主要是希望能還原緒山、龍溪二人思想之本來面貌。黃宗羲認爲：緒山與龍漢親炙陽明最久，習聞其過重之言，故盛言「見在良知」，於師門宗旨不能無毫釐之差，反以江右王門「歸寂」之學，爲陽明之的傳。此說實不甚的當也。其實，江右王門「歸寂」之說，於陽明主張良知「即寂即感」、「通貫未發已發」之旨，並未能有相應之把握；而浙中王門之強調「見在良知」，雖或可能引發流弊，然畢竟與陽明主張「心即理」、「體用一原」之旨若合符節也。故吾人以爲浙中王門如緒山、龍溪者，方是陽明之的傳也。而緒山資性沉毅，謹守陽明之教而無失，可說是王門中之狷者；龍溪資性明朗，於陽明之教多有調適而上遂之發揮，可說是王門中之狂者也。緒山強調後天誠意之功夫，龍溪強調先天正心之功夫，兩者皆是陽明「致良知」教下所必然涵攝者也。

關鍵字

錢緒山 ； 王龍溪 ； 黃宗羲 ； 誠意 ； 正心 ； 歸寂 ； 四句教 ； 四無 ； 四有

並列摘要

This article tries to offer a reflection and critique of the thoughts of Ch'ien Hsü-shan and Wang Lung-hsi, as presented in Huang Zong-si's Ming Confucian Scholars' Dispute, with the aim to restore the original thoughts of the two scholars. Huang thinks that Ch'ien Hsü-shan and Wang Lung-hsi, Wang Yang-ming's long-term disciples, were used to hearing Wang's solemn language and therefore propounded ”xian-zai liang-zhi” (the existential conscience). To Huang, their thoughts deviated from the doctrine of their mentor. Instead, Huang upholds Jiang-yo Wang School's ”gui-ji” (back to still) doctrine as the true successor of Wang's thoughts. The author thinks nothing is farther from the truth. In reality, however, Jiang-Yo Wang School's ”gui-ji” doctrine does not necessarily correspond to Wang's idea of liang-chih as ”ji-ji-ji-gan” (still is feeling) and ”tong-guang-wei-fa-i-fa” (to connect the happend and the non-happend). Although Zhe-Zhong Wang School's doctrine of ”xian-zai liang-zhi” may trigger some faults, it corresponds better to Wang's idea of ”his-ji-li” (mind is reason) and ”ti-yong-i-yuan” (substance and function are from same fountainhead). Therefore, the author thinks in Zhe-Zhong Wang School, scholars such as Ch'ien Hsü-shan and Wang Lung-hsi are the real heirs of Wang's thoughts. Reticent and persistent in nature, Ch'ien Hsü-shan stuck to Wang Yang-ming's teachings and may be considered as more reserved among Wang's disciples. Outgoing and cheerful in personality, Wang Lung-hsi adapted Wang's Yang-ming's teachings and may be considered as more presuming among Wang's disciples. Ch'ien Hsü-shan emphasizes posteriori cheng-i. while Wang Lung-hsi stresses the importance of priori zheng-xin (rectifing minds). Both are natural consequences of Wang Yang-ming's doctrine of ”zhiliang-chi” (doing conscience).

並列關鍵字

Ch'ien Hsü-shan ； Wang Lung-hsi ； Huang Zong-si ； making wills sincere ； rectifing minds ； back to still ； Four Sentences Teaching ； Four Being ； Four Nothingness

參考文獻

明王龍溪(1970)。王龍溪全集（第三冊）。

明王龍溪(1970)。王龍溪全集（第一冊）。

明王龍溪(1970)。王龍溪全集（第二冊）。

明黃宗羲(1987)。明儒學案（上）。

清張廷玉(1966)。明史。