論老子《道德經》超越生死的實踐智慧

道家思想是傳統的義理學問，對華夏文明的陶冶融鑄有著關鍵性的決定，本文以通行本老子《道德經》為詮釋之依據，從實踐智慧學的視域，揭露其解放生死的智慧。從實然說人是向死之存在，老子形容為「出生入死」，然而老子又主張「長生久視」、「沒身不殆」，則老子於實然之生死外，更有其應然之道的賦予，且此應然之道的賦與乃以神聖為訴求，故能見證永恆，是故依老子之見解，人非僅為向死而已，更當是向道成道者。老子以「無」為道的實踐智慧本在證成神聖性的人格典範，其工夫境界則偏重解構與消融，若聖人之無為無執致虛守靜對於生死議題而言，即是解放生之執迷與死之恐懼，讓人立足當下皆能所遇皆適而逍遙以過，是之謂「知止不殆」，是之謂「知足之足，常足矣」，此同時亦印證身雖可死其德長存之偉大理想，是之謂「死而不亡者壽」，是之謂「深根柢固，長生久視之道」，若莊子本與老子慧命相續，所以老子如是之主張和理念，莊子皆能克紹箕裘而有效繼承，凡內七篇中均可歷歷在目而毋庸置疑。老莊哲學，素無三世輪迴之說，亦無靈魂不滅之論，且無了斷生死之意，更無上帝救贖之見，其乃立足於當下之生活世界，試圖從有限以證無限，其於神聖之肯定與不朽之實現，雖非宗教卻充極朗現宗教之意識與虔誠而彌足珍貴。

關鍵字

老子；生死；解構；虛靜；無為；圓融

並列摘要

According to the practical wisdom Lao-zi, my thesis discuss the wisdom of life and death of Lao-zi philosophy. Although the death is fact which called life must face death, Lao-zi still claims that life is eternal and immortal, therefore Lao-zi affirms that life is to the Tao besides death. Because of sacredness of the Tao, Lao-zi's widom of wu(無) of the Tao teaches us deconstruction and cease of life practice, which to hold-nothing to life and keep void and tranquil when to death about thanatology. Lao-zi tell us that To know how to stop and contentment are the way to the xiao-yao (逍遙), and death is transcendental to the ideal life. The Inner chapters of Zhuang-zi is the same as philosophical widom of Lao-zi, which Zhuang-zi confirms of the harmony of the life and death. Lao-zi and Zhuang-zi disclaim Samsara, the immortality of the soul, cut off the life and death and the redemption of God. The philosophy of Lao-zi and Zhuang-zi comprehend human could from finite to infinite, and realize that holy and immortal of life in the life world. Although the philosophy of Lao-zi and Zhuang-zi are not religion, Lao-zi and Zhuang-zi connote consciousness of religion and piety, which deserve to treasure.