從人口政策到排他論述－內地孕婦赴港分娩與出生公民權的文化政治

本文聚焦內地孕婦赴港跨境生育現象，從性別、種族與階級等公民權的文化建構面向切入，批判地檢視近年香港的出生公民權爭議，從而說明內地孕婦是中港關係經濟與政治治理邏輯交互作用之處，更是公民權的論述空間與資源分配的具體場域。內地孕婦作為社會主體顯現了中港人口治理與經濟利益的跨境衝突與協商。一方面她們為香港私人醫院與相關產業帶來龐大收益，其港生子女被視為解決香港人口結構老化之生力軍，然而出生公民權衍生的跨境生育同時造成經濟利益與社會文化的衝突。在合理化或撤銷出生公民權的論述中，內地孕婦既是不受歡迎的外來客，又是醫療產業訴求的消費者；既是香港人口問題的出路，也是不道德的掠奪者；既是跨界生產的母親，亦是本土論述中確立中港分界的道德他者。本文將說明香港的內地孕婦案例顯示，中港跨境人口流動同時涉及經濟收益與公民權資源分配。夾雜在經濟利益與道德義理的論述中，內地孕婦的出現反映香港社會如何面對中港日益緊密的經貿關係中涉及的公民權問題，以及如何透過將內地孕婦他者化的過程，重新定義香港的本土性與文化歸屬。

關鍵字

中港關係；出生公民權；文化公民權；排他論述；內地孕婦

並列摘要

One prime example that showcases the complicated cross-border politics and the challenge of governance confronting Hong Kong is the controversy centering on the right of abode in 1999 and policy relating to pregnant mainland women based on the case of Chong Fung-Yuen in 2001, which continues in force to this day. To explain the implications of Hong Kong's population policy and the way discourses of citizenship contribute to understanding the conflicts between the logic of capital and that of governance during Hong Kong's integration into China, this essay attempts to focus on current debates over expectant mainland mothers and their Hong Kong born infants, prompted by an upsurge of mainland women giving birth across the border. We will look at the cultural construction of birthright citizenship from the axis of gender, class and ethnicity, so as to critically analyze how the SAR government, birth tourism industry, media coverage and discourses of localism seek to articulate birthright citizenship by orchestrating an image and a certain imagination of pregnant mainland women. On one hand, mainland pregnant women create enormous profit for private hospitals and birth-related businesses in Hong Kong; their Hong Kong born children are lauded as a solution to Hong Kong's aging society. On the other hand, the practice of cross-border births causes tension, as it prioritizes economic benefits at the price of local resources, including medical services and educational opportunities, among others. In the discourses that either endeavor to rationalize or revoke birthright citizenship, cultural identities of mainland pregnant women proliferate and contradictory images abound: non-eligible users of local services versus premium guests with deep pockets, endearing mothers-to-be versus reckless emergency room gate-crashers, a possible solution to Hong Kong's population crisis versus unethical predators on local resources. Together these representations suggest how pregnant mainland women, as emergent social subjects, embody conflict and negotiation of population governance and economic benefits. In other words, the discourses of pregnant women's bodies not only serve as the site of biopower but mark out the material and metaphorical boundaries between Hong Kong and China.