高付出需求機構中的組織與心理面向：日月明功的個案

The Organizational and Psychological Aspects of Greedy Institutions: A Case Study of Ri Yue Ming Gong

丁仁傑(TING Jen-Chieh)

《台灣社會研究季刊》 107期 (2017/08) Pp. 1-46

摘要

「高付出需求機構」指對成員有極高的要求和完全佔有性的組織。不過，在「高付出需求機構」中，組織對成員並不是以強制為手段，而是機構會涵蓋整個的人格需求，而得以獲得成員無條件的順服與參與。本文藉由Coser所提出的這個概念，希望能有助於說明日月明功這個團體的內部運作。經由有限的資料，本文也想要探討形成日月明功「需求高付出性」背後的社會心理基礎。由「高付出需求機構」這個概念出發，會提醒我們避免過度單一地將日月明功視為是一個心靈控制和洗腦的場所，而能夠正視下列事實︰在這個團體中，許多成員都是主動全心投入，以追求其家庭和自我成長，其領導者也是在這些目標圍繞中而慢慢增長其影響力。日月明功團體的「需求高付出性」反映在︰成員參與時間長，內部互動緊密，空間的隔絕性高，領導者高度涉入學員日常生活並具有管教的權威，學員之間出現了「整理」與「分享」的相互監督與批判的聚會形式，以及領導人對學員出現了體罰的管教方式等。日月明功以上這種種特徵的出現，背後曾經歷了一個發展階段上的累積和變化。關於成員參與日月明功的心理因素，本文嘗試提出「修復式依附」（修復個人在社會中、出於結構性原因所造成的人生態度層面與情感依附層面上的缺憾）的說法，即成員選擇一個具有雙親形象般的領導者、和具有親密社會關係的團體氛圍，來作為解釋他們之所以加入和得以持續參與的主要因素。本文對「高付出需求機構」概念的適用範圍，和它如何可能得到一個較為平衡性發展的議題，也提出了進一步的分析與討論。

關鍵字

日月明功 ； 高付出需求機構 ； 新興宗教 ； 全控機構 ； 依附

並列摘要

＂Greedy institution＂ is a sociological concept put forth by Lewis A. Coser. It designates institutions that issue all-encompassing demands on their members and seek their exclusive, undivided loyalty directed at them. Yet it does not reach those demands through coercion, but rather by engulfing in its spell the entire personality of its members, from whom they obtain unanimous approval and compliance. From this perspective, this study tries to get into the inner side of a group called Ri Yue Mong Gong, which has drawn popular attention in 2013 when the big news broke out in Changhua County, Taiwan, that a 17-year-old high school student was taken by the group into custody and died. Retrospectively speaking, as the original goal of inner self-growth was gradually externalized as group sharing and expressing gratefulness to the teacher, Ri Yue Ming Gong had begun to deeply intervene and even monopolize its members' family and personal life. Thus, as the issue of teenage discipline came up, many unresolved inner contradictions became salient, and eventually put an end to the development of this group by this tragic incident. Based mainly upon semi-structured interviews and attainable court files, this study explores both the organizational and psychological dimensions of the group. It also proposes the concept of ＂reconstructing attachment＂ to explain why participants continued to adhere to this group even after it had evolved into a greedy institution. At the end, it also touches upon the issue of whether a greedy institution could possibly maintain a rather balanced development.

並列關鍵字

Ri Yue Ming Gong ； greedy institution ； new religions ； total institution ； attachment

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