客家喪葬禮俗之研究：以苗栗「臺灣創價學會」馬陳筆蓮喪禮為例

曾子曰：「生、事之以禮，死、葬之以禮，祭之以禮，可謂孝矣。」客家人素重於孝道，故對於慎終追遠的喪葬禮俗，做得非常謹慎，哀戚嚴肅，祖先三百多年來都遵守古禮，少有變動。然而近代不同族群的宗教都處於不斷流變的現象；相對之下，配合當今社會的百姓隨著時代的變遷、人民教育程度的普遍提昇、雙薪家庭帶來的衝擊，許多習俗也無法依照遵循古禮被堅持下來，如喪禮做七、殺豬、羊祭祀等，都隨著工商業時代的發展而有所變化，這就是現代文化價值被扭轉過程中的趨勢。在客家族群喪禮中，從大體安置、設置靈堂至慎終追遠都是有禮俗典故及規矩，失之毫釐、差之千里，尊重往生者是絕對不可以馬虎，否則會影響家族後代子孫家境興衰。在苗栗地區的客家人思想非常保守，也維持傳統客家禮節，然而傳統客家喪禮禮俗過程儀式中，如腳尾飯、燒紙錢、合火就是骨灰或骨骸被放入祖塔，合火之後，往生者名字被寫入公廳神龕的大牌裡，至此，骨灰或骨骸與名字結合視為永遠與祖先同在，也同時成為祖先的一員，接受後代子孫共同在歲時中祭祀，也象徵客家人綿綿瓜瓞傳承精神保有客家文化。創價學會就沒有這些複雜過程的儀式，提倡一切回歸自然、環保及省煩從簡為原則。從這樣論述下來，傳統的客家喪禮習慣受異文化的介入，在保守客家人維持舊有觀念，創新的宗教文化影響下，超越以往的民俗信仰，有地域上環境受限是相當大的衝突及挑戰。

關鍵字

客家喪禮；聚落；創價學會；日蓮佛教；正因文化

並列摘要

The philosopher Zeng Zi said, ＂that parents, when alive, be served according to propriety; that, when dead, they should be buried and worshipped according to propriety. It is filial piety.＂ Hakka people value filial piety greatly, and they are cautious about funeral rites, which are sorrowful and solemn. In the past 300 years, they have mostly followed ancient customs, yet in modern times, religions of different ethnic groups are constantly changing. With the change of time, people's education has generally been upgraded in modern society. Moreover, with the impact of a two-paycheck family, many customs cannot be properly maintained. For instance, the rites for the first seven days after death and sacrifice of pigs and lambs have changed along with the development of the industrial and commercial era. It is the transformation of modern cultural value. In Hakka funerals, the placement of the corpses, installation of a mourning hall, and the practice of funeral rites are based on propriety and should not neglect the respect for the dead; otherwise, this could influence the family situations of the following generations. Hakka people in Miaoli are conservative and follow traditional Hakka rites, which include funeral rice and the burning of ritual money. He Huo means bone ash or bones that are placed in the ancestral tower. After He Huo, the dead's names are written on the board of the ancestral shrine, representing that they are staying with the ancestors and becoming a part of them. They are worshipped by the following generations in the course of one calendar year. Such tradition passes on and preserves Hakka culture. In Soka Association, the rites are less complicated and emphasize environmental protection and simplicity. Based on previous literature, traditional Hakka funeral rites are a combination of other cultures. The conservative Hakka people's conventional concepts and the impact of innovative religious culture can together break through traditional folk beliefs, which can be extremely challenging under regional limitation.