南宋時期之薦亡齋醮文化研究－以洪邁《夷堅志》爲探討中心

A Study on Culture Underlying Soul Release and Ritual Activities in the South Song Dynasty: Based on Hong Mai's Yi Jian Zhi, an Exploration of the Ghost Novel

盧秀滿(Hsiu-Man Lu)

《東吳中文學報》 22期 (2011/11) Pp. 127-159

https://doi.org/10.29460/SJCS.201111.0006

摘要

本文藉由整理並分析《夷堅志》所載與齋醮活動相關之事例，探討南宋之際齋醮活動在當時所展現之作用及發展情況。首先，匯整出佛道二教之齋醮活動，在南宋之際所發揮之主要功用包含：請命延壽、感謝再生、擊妖禳怪、謝過、醮神與祈福禳災、求仙、祈晴祈雨、薦亡等。指出齋醮活動所涵蓋及關心之範圍極其廣泛，其觸角伸入了士庶生活中之每一角落，顯現出齋醮活動對於人居世上所可能面臨之生、老、病、死等諸項問題，在整體上展現了宗教之關懷。其次，聚焦於齋醮活動主要重心之「薦亡齋醮」，從《夷堅志》中整理出按情況之不同所進行之「薦亡齋醮」主要有：「喪事常儀」、「拔度幽魂」、「解冤釋結」、「驅遣亡魂」等四類。其中有主動、有被動，有需按既定時間進行者、又有因應突發狀況而不定期為之者，從各種可能之角度探索南宋之際，薦亡齋醮之進行實況。接著，探討「薦亡齋醮」核心之「九幽醮」、「黃籙齋（醮）」、「水陸齋」三者，指出南宋之際，道教之「薦亡齋醮」以「黃籙醮」最為盛行，而佛教則以「水陸齋」為最普遍。最後則指出，南宋士人對於齋醮文化在宋代蓬勃發展之不同看法與觀點，雖為一場情與理之爭辯與拉扯，但在某種程度上正反映了齋醮活動，特別是薦亡齋醮在南宋時期之興盛，乃不爭之事實。

關鍵字

洪邁 ； 夷堅志 ； 薦亡 ； 齋醮 ； 南宋

並列摘要

This study has sorted and analyzed the ritual activities described in Hong Mai's Yi Jian Zhi and aims to understand its related functions and development during the period of the South Song Dynasty.Firstly, Buddhist and Taoist ritual activities were sorted out and their main functions analyzed. It included extending the length of life, appreciation of rebirth, fighting against the demons, apologizing for having done something wrong, praying for blessings, praying for rain, asking for release of the soul, etc. The scope of ritual activities was extremely extensive. It consists of all kinds of issues that relate to birth, aging, illness and death. The religious concerns have been entirely developed.Secondly, the study focused on the release of the soul and ritual activities; these were divided into four categories derived from Yi Jian Zhi. Due to various situations, there were funeral affairs, soul release, compensation to the soul that was treated unjustly and a deceased person's soul departing from the human world. An analysis was carried out from all possible viewpoints.Thirdly, the researcher recognized that the ”Huang Lu Jiao” were the most popular rites in the Taoist ritual activities and the ”Shui Lu Zhai” for Buddhists.Finally, various aspects of those rich ritual activities in the South Song Dynasty were compared. It generated a kind of argument between emotions and reason. However, it reflects the prosperity of the soul release and ritual activities in the South Song Dynasty.

並列關鍵字

Hong Mai ； Yi Jian Zhi ； soul release ； ritual activities ； the South Song Dynasty

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