金丹派南宗的修煉思想及其與儒釋的關係

呂錫琛

《宗教哲學》 42期 (2007/12) Pp. 81-93

https://doi.org/10.6309/JORP.200712_(42).0008

摘要

本文主要以張伯端）和白玉蟾這兩位金丹派南宗的代表人物為例，論述了南宗的內丹修煉思想。南宗將鍾呂派１的性命雙修、全命合道主張發展為以性統命、以心合道等思想，在更深的層次上統合了心與道的關係；南宗在性命修煉的次第上雖然傾向于先修命後修性，但仍然高度重視心性在修命和修性過程中的統帥作用，將修命（精、氣）與修性（神）更為緊密地結合起來，真正體現了對生命的終極關懷；南宗從心性修煉的層面深化了儒釋道合一的思潮，將老子清靜無為的思想與道教的修煉實踐相結合，並吸收禪宗「明心見性」、「不滯有無」和儒學「養氣」、「懲忿窒欲」等主張，不僅完善了內丹學的修煉實踐，更將它提升為一種真正意義上的生命哲學。

並列摘要

In this essay the author discusses the thoughts of Inner Alchemy by taking the examples of Zhang Boduan (張伯端) and Bai Yuchan (白玉蟾), both of whom are representative of Southern School. The Southern School developed the proposition of Zhong-Lü school (鍾呂派)-”to cultivate spirit as well as essence and energy” (性命雙修), ”to preserve essence and energy in order to make them accord with Tao” (全命合道)-into thoughts which emphasizing that ”it is the spirit that guide the essence and energy” (以性統命),and ”that the spirit should be tally with Tao” (以心合道). It also harmonizes the relationship between spirit and Tao at a in-depth level; Although the Southern school is inclined to cultivate essence and energy before spirit when determining the order of cultivations, it highly emphasizes on the leading role of spirit during the process of cultivating essence and energy. The Southern school further combines the cultivation of essence and energy with the cultivation of spirit, and embodies the ultimate concern of life; At the level of cultivating heart and spirit, the Southern School promotes the syncretism of Confucian, Buddhism and Taoism, and combines the Laozi's thoughts of quiet and inaction (清靜無為) with the Taoist Practice. It also assimilates the thoughts of ”know human nature” (明心見性) and ”surpassing presence and absence” (不滯有無) in Zen, aswell as ”cultivating energy” (養氣) and ”subduing anger and desire” (懲忿窒欲) in Confucian. The Southern School has not only consummated the practice of Inner Alchemy, but also turned it into a true life philosophy.