宗教與政治：嚴守分際、引發暴力或和平建立？

Religion and Politics: Strict Separation, Source of Violence, or Peacebuilding?

宋興洲(Hsing-Chou Sung)

《宗教哲學》 61期 (2012/09) Pp. 95-108

https://doi.org/10.6309/JORP.201209_(61).0009

摘要

由於西方三十年戰爭（1618－1648）結束，政教合一制度瓦解，導致神權與政權分離，再加上啟蒙運動和世俗化的發展，長久以來，宗教與政治不可相提並論已是普遍共識。要達到宗教自由的目的，政教分離乃被視為是種必要的先決條件。因為宗教代表私，政治代表公，兩者明顯不同，所以抱持宗教不應涉及公共或政治領域態度的人數與日俱增。而在國際關係的研究裡，宗教就像種族、族群、性別一樣，也並未受到重視。因此，本文從三個角度論述政治與宗教之間的關係。第一，討論是否政治與宗教應嚴守分際。第二，探討宗教影響衝突與暴力的緣由。第三，分析宗教對和平建立的貢獻。本文的結論是；雖然宗教不應介入政治，但兩者之間的劃分已經不再那麼明顯；宗教在衝突上具有四種社會功能，雖然不能指望與期待宗教必然化解所有衝突，但如何疏導並朝正面的發展前進，則需要宗教領袖們扮演積極性角色；宗教的和平建立運動近年來已經出現些許的成果，如果我們給予道義上、精神上以及物質上的支援與支持，那麼宗教在疏導衝突與暴力上將具有更大的成效。

關鍵字

宗教 ； 世俗化 ； 政教分離 ； 暴力衝突 ； 和平建立

並列摘要

Due to the end of the Thirty Year's War (1618-1648), the collapse of Caesaropapism and Theocracy, and the development of secularization since the Enlightenment, there has been a general recognition and agreement that religion and politics should not be intertwined with each other. To achieve the religious freedom, separation of church and state is the necessary precondition. Because religion is usually treated as personal beliefs and politics as public affairs, the idea that religion cannot get involved into politics is generally accepted as social convention. In the literature of international relations, religion, just as race, ethnicity, and gender, has never been considered a key determinant. Therefore, this paper discusses the relationship between politics and religion from three perspectives. Firstly, it puts focus on the debate whether or not religion should be strictly separated from politics. Secondly, it explores the ways of how religion affects conflicts and violence. Thirdly, it analyzes religious contributions to peacebuilding. The conclusions of this paper are that although religion should not get involved into politics, the distinction between them is no longer simple and obvious, that there are four basic social functions of religion in ethnic conflict and we may not expect religion would necessarily solve all the conflicts, that religious leaders should play a more positive role in guiding religious peacebuilding, and that the efforts of religious peacebuilding have demonstrated some successful results, if we continue to give more moral, spiritual, and material supports and assistance to these operation, the effectiveness of religion for peace will be seen.

並列關鍵字

Religion ； Secularization ； Separation of Church and State ； Violent Conflict ； Peacebuilding