從益州治中從事一職看蜀漢中央與地方政府的整合

Exploring the Integration of the Central and Local Governments in Shu Han through an Investigation towards Zhi-zhong-cong-shi in Yizhou

洪武雄(Hung Wu-hsiung)

《興大歷史學報》 34期 (2020/12) Pp. 69-100

摘要

三國時期，蜀漢版圖最小，只有益州一地，中央政府與地方政府所轄地域幾乎一致。為求事權統一，蜀漢當國者常兼領益州牧（或刺史），中央與地方大權集於一身。然而，三國鼎立，戎馬倥傯，當國者常領軍駐外，留守成都的中央政府與地方政府兩大僚佐地位更形重要，需足食足兵以相供給。蜀漢政權寄寓益州，顧及主客之義，需拉攏益州人士，以維持政權的穩定性。益州府佐吏例由益州人士擔任，處州人之上的治中從事居中治事，常選任才幹之士。劉備稱帝前，先後以左將軍府、大司馬府統事，又領益州牧，署府事與治中從事分掌中央與地方要務，二者皆直屬劉備，互不隸屬。後主初期，諸葛亮以丞相開府治事，又領益州牧，常以益州人士出任丞相參軍署府事，又領治中從事。作為丞相長史副手的參軍署府事，一人身兼中央與地方兩大僚佐，可增進丞相留府的決策效能。蔣琬、費禕執政後，權力集中在尚書台，大司馬、大將軍及益州府屬，精簡許多，治中從事的地位大不如前。

關鍵字

蜀漢 ； 益州 ； 治中從事

並列摘要

During the Three Kingdoms Era, the territory of Shu Han has been the smallest, dominating only Yizhou. The administrative regions of the central government and the local government nearly overlapped. Therefore, the ruler of Shu Han usually had to serve as the governor of Yizhousimultaneously, centralizing the administrative power solely to one person. However, inthe Three Kingdoms Era , chaos caused by constant wars and military confrontation, the ruler of Shu Han was frequently away leading the army for various battles. Thus, the status of the Chiefs of Staff of the central and local governments became even more significant. For the people of Yizhou, the Shu Han Administration was foreign to them, so it's necessary for the government to co-opt or draw the locals over in order to stabilize the regime. Conventionally, the staff members of Yizhou State should be recruited from the locals. Zhi-zhong-cong-shi, the senior staff member of the state government, whose job was managing all affairs statewide, was usually assigned to someone who was highly capable and talented. Before Liu Bei was crowned as the emperor, there were firstly General Left and then Da-si-ma governing Shu Han, who also served as the governor of Yizhou. The Chief of Staff in the military and Zhi-zhong-cong-shi administered the central and local political affairs respectively, and both were under the command of Liu Bei, yet they were not subordinate to each other. When Zhuge Liang reigned, he was the Prime Minister as well as the governor of Yizhou. He assigned a local from Yizhou to be the assistant of the Secretary-General of the Prime Minister, and to be Zhi-zhong-cong-shi as well. One person worked as the Chief of Staff for both central and local governments, which could greatly enhance efficiency of policy decision. Then at the time when Jiang Wan and Fei Yi ruled, the power was much centralized in Shangshutai. The number of personnel of Da-si-ma, Grand General and the Government of Yizhou was greatly reduced, which makes the status of Zhi-zhong-cong-zhi far less significant.

並列關鍵字

Shu Han ； Yizhou ； Zhi-zhong-cong-shi

參考文獻

南朝宋･范瞱，《後漢書》（臺北：鼎文書局，1981），卷74下，〈劉表傳〉，頁2424

西晉･陳壽撰、南朝宋･裴松之注，《三國志》（北京：中華書局，1982），卷32，〈先主傳〉，頁879。

西晉･陳壽撰、南朝宋･裴松之注，《三國志》（北京：中華書局，1982），卷35，〈諸葛亮傳〉，頁913。

西晉･陳壽撰、南朝宋･裴松之注，《三國志》（北京：中華書局，1982），卷36，〈關羽傳〉

東晉･常璩著、劉琳校注，《華陽國志新校注》（成都：四川大學出版社，2015），卷4，〈南中志》，頁183。