考察日語終助詞性差表達的動態変化―以日本小説會話中句尾的終助詞為中心

日語中的男女性別差異在戦後近60年的時間裡発生了怎様的變化、是否漸趨於中性化？為了明確這一問題，本文拡大了研究的時間範囲，以時間變化為線索，對日語中存在男女性別差異的終助詞”かい、かしら、こと、さ、ぜ、ぞ、だい、な、ね、の、よ、わ”進行了実証性的考察。在実証考察中，運用小説會話中出現的終助詞句來分析研究男女在使用語言上的性別差異。語言數據選取了1950-2003年半個世紀裡獲芥川文學奨的60篇小説，並將其劃分為三個時期（1950年－1965年，1970年－1985年，1990年－2003年）。以小説中出現的全部會話為研究物件，把在小説中使用的按終助詞種類區別的終助詞數量和所使用的每個終助詞所占的數量進行了百分比的劃分。在研究中，把焦點放在了出現頻率較高的”よ、ね、わ、の”四個終助詞上，以性別為中心，使用”SPSS (Ver.10.0)”統計軟體進行了分析。從実証調査的結果我們可以看出日語的終助詞的男女性別差異有縮小的傾向。從”よ”和”ね”的變化來看，男女性差別有縮小的傾向，而”わ”作為女性專用助詞逐漸變得沒有力度。總而言之，本研究的結論認為日語的男女性差別將逐漸趨於中性化。無論從哪個角度來講，上述的実証結果都為終助詞的男女性別差異在縮小提供了重要的依據。

關鍵字

終助詞；文末表達；性差表達；変化；考察

並列摘要

The point of this study is to investigate the changes of the gender distinction in Japanese and wether the distinction is tending toward neuter or not during the span of 60 years since the end of the war. We chose to verify this through a diachronic perspective on the shift in the distinction of genders of the following sentence final particles in - Japanese-: kai, kashira, koto, sa, ze, zo, dai, na, ne, no, yo, wa. The sentence final particles of the dialogues in several novels were analyzed in order to understand the reality of the masculine-feminine distinction. These linguistic data were taken from a selection of 60 novels which won the Akutagawa prize between 1950 and 2003 and were split into 3 periods (from 1950 to 1965, 1970 to 1985 and 1990 to 2003). Every dialogue appearing in these novels were taken as an object of the study and every occurrence of each of the appearing final particles was listed to give their representative proportion of the total particles’ number. Accordingly, yo, ne, wa, no, the 4 particles with the highest frequency were then taken out and carefully analyzed around the topic of gender through a statistical software called SPPS (Ver. 10.0). It appears from the results that the distinction in gender tends to shrink. From the changes shown by yo and ne, we can say that masculine and feminine are getting closer to each other. Wa will lose its exclusive use as a feminine marker and is gradually becoming neutral. To conclude, all the results of the verifications above can be seen as an important reference to show the decreasing distinction between genders.