The paper attempts to sum up the process of trade between Mainland China and Russia and analyzes empirical data in order to discuss its characteristics, changes, development trend and meaning. It intends to provide a new view of trade to observe the latest trends in their external economic development. It is found that, apart from the continual and steady increase in bilateral trade in accordance with the law of comparative advantage in international trade, Mainland China's trade with Russia has shifted from a deficit in the initial stage to a surplus in Mainland China's favor. The trade product structure has also changed primarily from low-level consumer goods to industrial products. The change reflects the transition that has taken place in Mainland China's economic structure and the contribution made by economic growth in each of the countries. Besides, the government of Mainland China has adopted a strategy of actively being involved in the promotion of trade with Russia and the pluralistic development of economic and trade relations, which has proven to be beneficial to the development of economic and trade relations between the two countries.