明中晚期李才的理學思想研究

To Investigate Tsai Lee's Thoughts of Rationalism in the Middle and Late Periods of the Ming Dynasty

吳秀玉(Hsiu-Yu Wu)

《宜蘭技術學報》 7期 (2001/12) Pp. 109-120

https://doi.org/10.6179/nit.2001.07.21

摘要

明初的理學，在政府的大力推動下，承傳宋元學風，是朱子理學獨盛時期，但因為朱學末流的偏於向外求理，忽略了反歸內心悟道的偏失，以致有皓首窮經尚「不見道」者；於是明朝中期王陽明以致良知之直截簡易、即所謂的「心學」，異軍突起，立即壓倒了朱學的零碎支離。然而因為陽明的「無善無惡心之體、良知說，貽誤了後學，使得後學任心廢學、任知而行，偏離了倫理綱常，落入了釋子一途，引起朝廷上下的鳴鼓攻擊，令王學陷入了深刻的危機。李材生於明朝中晚期，是江右鄒守益的弟子、王陽明的再傳弟子，不忌王學嫡傳，勇於批評陽明以知為宗、誠不知性之善，乃標以止、修為宗。「止」是知止、即止於至善，「修」是修身、以修身為本；一邊言恢復至善本性，一邊言齊家治國平天下；揉合了朱、王的思想，以圖挽救陽明之言之弊。影響所及，明朝晚年的東林學派、蕺山學派，甚至清初的黃宗羲都繼踵跟進，掀起了一片蓬勃的王學修正運動，也使得朱、王的對立演變成合流的新氣象。

關鍵字

明初朱學 ； 明中期王陽明 ； 明中晚期李材 ； 止修 ； 揉合朱王

並列摘要

The rationalism in the early Ming Dynasty, advocated by the government, inherited that from the Song and Yuan Dynasties when Chu's thoughts had prevailed. Chu's descendants nonetheless biased to seek outwards the truth and spared introspection so that some read all books but got no insight. Thus in the middle Ming Dynasty Yang-Ming Wang promoted the approach to conscience, namely the study of heart, and that surpassed soon the scatteredness of Chu's perspective. However, Wang's contention of self-known conscience misled the ensuing scholars who abadoned studying and behaved themselves in contrast to the ethic regulations, falling into the Buddhism. Wang's approach consequently was attacked severely and drowned into deep danger. Tsai Lee, born in the declining years of the Ming Dynasty, learned after Shou-Yi Zou, who was in turn one of the Wang's disciples. Although studying Wang's framework, Lee dared criticize that Wang admired the not-necessarily-self-known conscience without realizing the human nature. As a result he developed the approches of attainment and cultivation: to attain the truly good human nature and to cultivate oneself. Lee advocated not merely the recovery of the human nature, but also the further service for other people. His thoughts integrated those of both Chu's and Wang's in order to correct the latter's disadvantages. The scholarships of Tong-Lin and Chi-Shan in the late Ming Dynasty, and even Tsung-Shi Wang in the early Ching Dynasty, were gravely influenced by Lee giving rise to the movement of Wang's modification. The opposition between Chu and Wang turned out at this point to the integrity.

並列關鍵字

Chu's rationalism in the early Ming Dynasty ； Yang-Ming Wang in the middle and late Ming Dynasty ； Tsai Lee in the declining years of the Ming Dynasty ； integrity of Chu and Wang