Sino-Japanese Gemination Revisited: A corpus-based approach

重論日本漢字音中的促音：以語料庫方式切入

林智凱(Chihkai Lin)

《淡江外語論叢》 33期 (2020/06) Pp. 1-23

https://doi.org/10.29716/TKSFLL.202006_(33).0001

摘要

This paper explores variants of t-roots and k-roots in Sino-Japanese gemination from a corpus-based approach. Sino-Japanese gemination is subject to the type of a root and the onset of the following syllable. Gemination in t-roots occurs when the following consonant is k-, s-, t-, or h-; gemination in k-roots takes place only when the following consonant is k-. This paper establishes a corpus by collecting data from three Sino-Japanese dictionaries. The results suggest that the k-roots show more variants than the t-roots do in the corpus. Half of the k-roots turn into geminate (-kk-), and the other half of the k-roots maintain the default form (-vkv-), while more than 90% of the t-roots have become geminate (-tt-). According to the distribution of the corpus examples, this paper suggests that gemination is a common phonological process in Japanese, but there is still variation in Sino-Japanese gemination, due to frequency, phonology, and morphology. Words that are frequently used like numbers, roku 'six' and shichi 'seven' tend to deviate from the general gemination process. Words that are rare to be seen tend to resist gemination. In addition, vowel devoicing also results in the resistance of gemination. Finally, the corpus data also reveal that reduplication might block gemination.

關鍵字

Sino-Japanese ； geminate ； variation ； frequency ； reduplication

並列摘要

本研究旨在探討日語漢字音中T型（cvTv）及K型（cvKv）促音的變異情形。日本漢字音在不同的音韻環境之下，促音的形成有不同的結果。原形為齒齦音的T型促音其條件鬆散，後接無聲齒齦塞音（t-）、無聲齒齦擦音（s-）、無聲軟顎塞音（k-）以及喉擦音（h-）時，皆會形成促音。但在K型促音中，僅後接於無聲軟顎塞音（k-）之後，才會形成促音。本研究依據三本漢字字辭典，建構一語料庫。以對比方式檢視T型及K型促音的分布及變異情形。語料分布情形顯示無論在組內或是跨組，K型促音較T型促音更具有變異性。約半數之K型促音可具有促音形式（-kk-），另一半維持原形（-vkv-），而在T型促音中，則是超過九成之語料庫例子為促音（-tt-）。根據語料庫分布情形，本研究認為日本漢字音中促音的形成為固定音韻變化，但仍出現變異。而變異的出現與三原因有關:使用頻率、音韻限制及構詞。首先，使用頻率高的字，則是較容易不遵守促音規則，其結果可為促音，如數字六（roku）或是維持原形，如數字七（shichi）。使用頻率低的字，則是傾向維持原形。此外，若第一音節無聲化且第二音節促音化，則會使整個字失去前兩個音節的感知顯著性，母音無聲化也可能使得促音化不出現。本研究也提出不同的構詞法，如重疊詞，亦是促音較不易出現的原因。

並列關鍵字

日本漢字音 ； 促音 ； 變異 ； 使用頻率 ； 重疊詞

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