永樂大典戲文三種述評

A Review of Three Plays from the Yongle Encyclopedia

曾永義(Yong-Yih Tseng)

《臺灣戲專學刊》 12期 (2006/01) Pp. 3-17

https://doi.org/10.7021/PAJ.200601.0003

摘要

《永樂大典》是明成祖永樂年間編成的一部巨大類書，1920年葉恭綽（玉甫）得其第13991卷於倫敦古玩小鋪，內收《小孫屠》、《張協狀元》、《宦門子弟錯立身》戲文三種。其中以《張協狀元》時代最早，當為戲文成立不久的南宋中葉作品，因之結構鬆懈，關目布置不免捉襟見肘；但人物塑造頗為鮮明，曲文之語言則樸素活潑，充滿鄉土風味。到了《錯立身》、《小孫屠》不止「北曲化」，合腔、合套、純北套，逐漸注入戲文中，而且曲文賓白也有逐漸「文士化」的現象，有些曲子也相當清麗可喜。如果我們再進一步觀察，這時的曲牌「性格」未明，所以引子、過曲往往未分，腳色人物忠奸、善惡之類別也未如明代以後之定型。然無論如何，戲文三種的發現，《張協狀元》使我們真切的看到早期戲文的面貌，《錯立身》、《小孫屠》也使我們看到早期戲文本身逐漸演進的跡象，即就齣數而言，長短變化的幅度還相當的大，凡此在戲曲發展史上都很重要。據此，我們更加可以肯定《戲文三種》在戲曲史上的意義和價值。

關鍵字

永樂大典戲文三種 ； 張協狀元 ； 宦門子弟錯立身 ； 小孫屠 ； 傳奇 ； 戲文

並列摘要

Yongle Encyclopedia or Yongle Dadian (永樂大典) was commissioned by the Chinese Ming Dynasty emperor Yongle in 1403. It is the world's earliest and largest known general encyclopedia. Most of the volumes of the Yongle Encyclopedia was gradually dissipated and lost over time; however, in 1920 Ye Gong Zhuo recovered volume 13991 in a tiny antique shop in London, and collected within that very volume are three of the oldest plays in Chinese opera. These three plays are Scholar Zhang Xie, Official's Son and Sun the Butcher.
Written during the Southern Sung era, the Scholar Zhang Xie was considered the earliest of the three plays. Scholar Zhang Xie was written when play first began to take its modern form during the Sung era. Therefore the structure and the characters were very simple and plain. The Official's Son and Sun the Butcher were written after Scholar Zhang Xie hence the structure and character development are notably more sophisticated and refined. Scholar Zhang Xie gave us an overview of Chinese play in its earliest form, while Official's Son and Sun the Butcher illustrated how these plays are developed over time. The recovery of these three plays is a historical moment in the history of Chinese opera, for they give scholars and students of Chinese opera a rare opportunity to study the development of early Chinese plays.

並列關鍵字

Yongle Encyclopedia ； Plays ； Scholar Zhang Xie ； Sun the Butcher ； The Official's Son ； Legend

參考文獻

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休休(1948)。張協狀元戲文的編作年代。華北日報‧俗文學。72

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