從先秦時期巴蜀使用漢字看中國上古華夷觀念之可靠性

不少中外學者曾經指出，先秦時期，華夏國家都有一種輕視周邊民族文化的心理。它們稱自己為中國，稱周邊民族為夷狄。這種傳統華夷觀念及大漢沙文主義，一直維持到近代，才逐漸消退。但是，隨著近年來不少周邊民族先秦文物的出土，部分考古學者指出，周邊民族的文化，實在並不比中原文化為遜色。遺憾的是，他們都沒有對華夏及周邊民族文化作通盤的比較研究，來落實他們的意見。當然這是一件很龐大及繁瑣的工作，筆者目前也完成不了這樣廣泛及深入的研究，只是作為冰山一角，試圖通過巴蜀符號之考察，以及以巴蜀之使用漢字為例，探討巴蜀及中原文化之高下。文章首先根據先秦考古及文獻資料，討論巴蜀符號之性質及其與文字之關係，接著比較巴蜀符號與商周文字之成熟程度，最後指出巴蜀曾大量使用漢字，希望籍此能對先秦時期中原國家文化沙文主義及華夷觀念之成立與否，作一個初步的觀察與評價。

關鍵字

華夷觀念；巴蜀文字甲；巴蜀文字乙；邵之（亻食）鼎；吉祥符號

並列摘要

Many Chinese and foreign scholars have pointed out that since the pre-Ch'in period, the Chinese has developed a Sino-Barbarian Ideology which the Chinese regarded their country as Chung Kuo ”Central Kingdom,” and the surrounding tribes as barbarians. They regarded their culture as superior to the barbarian cultures. This kind of Han cultural chauvinistic ideology has lasted for nearly two thousand years. It was not until the Ch'ing Dynasty that such ideology began to fade. However, recent archaeological finds of the surrounding tribes have revealed that their culture was quite advanced. As such, the reliability of the traditional Sino-Barbarian Ideology is questionable. The present article would therefore attempt to review such reliability. The paper firstly studies the nature of the Pa-Shu signs excavated recently and its relation to writing. Secondly, it compares the maturity level between the signs and the Shang-Chou characters. Thirdly, it points out that the adoption of Chinese writings by Pa-Shu people was quite significant and massive in pre-Ch'in period. Lastly, it evaluates the reliability of the pre-Ch'in Sino-Barbarian Ideology based on the study of the Pa-Shu signs and the adoption of the Chinese characters by the Pa-Shu people.