台灣產四種熊蜂（膜翅目：蜜蜂科）之族群形質比較、季節性發生及分佈特性之研究

A Study on the Size and Morphological Difference, Seasonal Occurrence and Distribution Features of Four Bumblebees from Taiwan (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

宋一鑫(I-Hsin Sung) ； 陸聲山(Sheng-Shan Lu) ； 詹美鈴(Mei-Ling Chan) ； 林明瑩(Ming-Ying Lin) ； 江敬晧(Ching-Hao Chiang) ； 李青珍(Ching-Chen Li) ； 楊平世(Ping-Shih Yang)

《台灣昆蟲》 31卷4期 (2011/12) Pp. 309-323

https://doi.org/10.6661/TESFE.2011020

摘要

本文研究四種台灣常見的熊蜂，包括雙色熊蜂、精選熊蜂、黃色熊蜂及威氏熊蜂，從台灣的四個標本館藏調閱1970年代以來超過800件的熊蜂館藏標本資料，輔以野外調查四種熊蜂的生態。四種熊蜂概括性的生態特性有（1）同物種之緯度分佈差異效應小，以海拔一千公尺為分界時，四種的分佈以界線以上之分佈數量較多。（2）雌性階級間腹部形態差異小者，階級間體型大小偏向連續性分佈，反之則偏向不連續性分佈。（3）四種熊蜂似乎均無法發展終年永續性族群，但無法確認其蜂后是否需要越冬休眠。（4）熊蜂分佈依存於當地植物相及棲地，在開花植物選擇性多的地域，各種熊蜂似有資源分割的情形存在。單獨種之生態特性有（1）相對其它物種，雙色熊蜂於低地分佈較多，可能其具有較佳之耐熱性，蜂后與工蜂體型呈現不連續性差異。（2）精選熊蜂之創設蜂后較其它三種提前在秋季發生，族群高峰發生在春季，夏季高溫季節時，族群發展似已結束。（3）黃色熊蜂早春蜂后出現季節時，其體型與野外已出現的精選熊蜂工蜂相似，蜂后與工蜂體型差異呈現連續性差異，與該亞屬特徵不同，似與黃色熊蜂生存策略有關。（4）威氏熊蜂族群棲息於海拔分界線以上，是冷涼氣候適應物種，其訪花喜好可能與其他物種有較大差異性。

關鍵字

熊蜂 ； 分佈特性 ； 季節性發生 ； 體型與形態差異 ； 台灣

並列摘要

The population characteristics, seasonal occurrence of colonies, and distribution features of the common bumblebees, Bombus bicoloratus, B. eximius, B. flavescens, and B. trifasciatus from Taiwan were studied. We examined over 800 specimens from four deposits starting in the 1970s and from additional data from field collections. Our results indicate that the four general ecological features for these bumblebees are: (1) The effect of latitudinal distribution differences within the same species seems not to be an important factor. All four species have relatively large populations above 1,000 m in altitude. (2) The slight morphological difference in female abdomen tends to be a continuous variation in size between the queen and the worker caste. On the contrary, the size variation is biased discontinuously. (3) The colony among the four species seems not to be permanent development. Whether the queens overwinter or not needs to be confirmed. (4) The species are distribution based on the local flora and habitats. It seems that there is a partitioning of the resources in selected flowering areas. The ecological features for the specific species are: (1) B. bicoloratus tends to be a warmer weather adaptive species. The size difference between the queens and the workers seems discontinuous. (2) The foundress of B. eximius appears early in autumn. Colony development attains on the plateau in the spring, and then the number of workers diminishes in the field during the hot season. (3) The size differences between the B. flavescens foundress and the B. eximius worker are slight, and the occurrence of both species overlaps in the spring. The size difference between the queens and the workers of B. flavescens seems to be continuous. Apparently continuously size variation is a beneficial survival strategy for this species. (4) B. trifasciatus tends to be a cooler weather adaptive species above 1,000 m in altitude. The flower preference of this species tends to be more distinct compared with the other species.

並列關鍵字

bumblebee ； distribution feature ； size and morphological difference ； seasonal occurrence ； Taiwan