- 期刊
難以置信的真相－論釋字第666號解釋與社會變遷
The Unbelievable Truth-Comment on Judicial Interpretation No. 666 and Social Change
摘要
美國芝加哥大學教授Gerald Rosenberg在其著名的「落空的期望」一書中，以實證研究的方式，指出美國聯邦最高法院關於種族隔離、墮胎及女權等看似促成重大社會改革的裁判，只是恰好反映社會變動的趨勢，並非創造新的趨勢和潮流。我國司法院大法官對於性交易的態度是否亦係如此？就性交易議題，其究竟是否為「社會改革的推動者」？本文從實證分析的角度探討釋字第666號解釋是否引領社會變遷，文中並兼採「量化研究」與「質性研究」的研究方法。首先，第「壹」部分說明何以選擇宣告「罰娼不罰嫖」違憲的釋字第666號解釋作為研究的對象，並指出本文所採取的研究方法及相關名詞定義。第「貳」部分分析釋字第666號解釋，認為該號解釋以「平等權」取代「職業自由」審查系爭規定之合憲性，策略性迴避爭議，但本號解釋隱含著「娼嫖皆不罰」及「邁向性交易合法化」的意旨。接著在第「參」、「肆」部分分別探討該號解釋作成前、後，行政部門、立法部門、社會運動團體、性工作者及一般社會大眾對於性交易的態度。本文主張，在本號解釋作成前，行政、立法部門即已朝向「性交易除罰化」邁進，一般社會大眾對於性交易的價值觀亦已逐漸改變，而此應歸功於為性工作者奮鬥十餘年的社會改革團體「日日春關懷互助協會」，釋字第666號解釋僅係恰巧反應社會的脈動。又因本號解釋迂迴地以「平等權」審查系爭規定之合憲性，以致解釋作成後社維法反而修正為性交易專區外娼嫖皆罰的倒退立法，且社會大眾仍不接受「性交易合法化」，實際上並未促成任何社會變遷。
並列摘要
Professor Gerald Rosenberg at the University of Chicago argued whether the U.S. Supreme Court could actually promote social change in his famous book, ”The Hollow Hope”. In this book, Professor Rosenberg pointed out that in Civil rights, abortion and women's right cases, the Supreme Court were just part of the social trend, it did not create any new fashion. This amazing discovery shocks law school students, but is Taiwan's Constitutional Court the same? Is Taiwan's Constitutional Court ”a promoter of social reform”?This article tries to use empirical analysis to discuss whether Judicial Interpretation No. 666 could lead social change, and it adopts both Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research methods to find the answer. At First, it explains why Judicial Interpretation No. 666 declared ”Punish sex-workers, but do not punish whoremasters” provision unconstitutional is in my concern, and then introduces the method this article adopts. Secondly, it analyzes Judicial Interpretation No. 666 and finds out the Interpretation implies ”sex-workers and whoremasters all shall not be punished” and ”sexual transaction should be legal”. Then, in part three and four, it discusses the Executives, legislators, social reform groups, sex-workers, and society's attitude toward ”sexual transaction” issue before and after the Interpretation was made.At Last, this article concludes that before Judicial Interpretation No. 666 was made, the Executives were already changing their policy on sexual transaction, inclined to abolish the punishment of sexual transaction. At the same time, legislatures proposed a bill to abolish the punishment of sex-workers, and the value of society was changing. All of these shall attribute the success to the social reform group, ”Collective of Sex Workers and Supporters (COSWAS)”, Judicial Interpretation No. 666 was only part of the social trend, it did not really do much thing to it. Besides, it is because Interpretation No. 666 used ”right of equality” instead of ”freedom of occupation” to review the constitutionality of related provisions, legislature passed a regulation which punish both sex-workers and wholemasters outside the sex-trade center, and till now the public still do not accept the idea that ”sexual transaction shall be legal”. After all, Interpretation No. 666 did not promote any social change at all.