《莊子》論“惡”與“痛苦”

A Discussion of Evil and Suffering in Zhuangzi

覃明德(Ming-Te Chin)

《東方人文學誌》 7卷4期 (2008/12) Pp. 23-42

https://doi.org/10.6389/OH.200812.0023

摘要

「惡」與「痛苦」向來是世人所亟欲擺脫的，此不僅與存在感受有關，也涉及到人性論與功夫論的基本哲學問題。本文之所以題為〈《莊子》論「惡」與「痛苦」〉，旨在透過莊子在觀察世人交相往來後，所引發出對「惡」與「痛苦」的看法，認為「惡」是喪失本真狀態的存在（虛假之惡），而非行為上的社會道德缺失（善惡之惡），「痛苦」則是由此必然產生的精神狀態。基於此，本文將分成三個步驟：首先，指出惡的型態有：違反社會標準與自由意志的抹殺，後者才是《莊子》所以為之惡。第二，說明由於人的有限，無法擺脫世俗生活的拘束、奴役以及人的欲望無法滿足，故《莊子》認為「惡」與「痛苦」源自於世人私心妄為與迷執的單一價值觀。第三，說明《莊子》指導世人應該透過心齋、坐忘、物化等修養工夫擺脫因「惡」與「痛苦」所帶來的精神上的不自由，以獲取與天地萬物融為一體的逍遙至樂。

關鍵字

惡 ； 痛苦 ； 成心 ； 至樂 ； 逍遙

並列摘要

Evil and suffering are always disencumbered by people, because they implication of our experience, and also implication of the theory of human nature and the theory of practice. This article heading ”A Discussion of Evil and Suffering in Zhuangzi”, the purpose of according to Zhuangzi observe people relations with others, solicit a discussion of evil and suffering, argue that ”evil” is authentic being losing, not fault behavior in code of the social morals, therefore, suffering is also occurrence. In order to explain clearly, I will develop its argument in three stages: First, refer to two conditions of evil: against social standard and lose free will, Zhuangzi assume the latter is real evil. Second, account for people is finite, be unable to disencumber constraint, enslavedness and satisfies person's desire in life. So Zhuangzi point out evil and suffering are occurring by behavior of self and persistent unitary values. Finally, account for Zhuangzi direct earthling disencumber evil and suffering depend on practice of self: ”Xin-zhai,” ”Tzsuoh-Wang” and ”Transformation”, to acquire spiritual freedom and happiness with all existence in unity.

並列關鍵字

evil ； suffering ； preconception ； happiness ； spiritual freedom