美濃永安下庄伯公福廠的歷史、社群和儀式

The History, Community and Ritual of Bo Kong Fu Chang in Meinung Yungan Lower Village

李文環(Wen-Huan Lee)

《逢甲人文社會學報》 42期 (2021/06) Pp. 1-52

摘要

福廠是高雄市美濃永安下庄為舉行入年駕所搭建的臨時祭壇，這種無神無廟而以臨時空間迎神祭祀的習俗，一般以為這是土地信仰的春祈秋報的年度大祭。然而，無論是祭典舉行的季節性，抑或是儀式內容所傳達的內涵，皆不盡然如此。況且，福廠空間的獨特性勢必有其某種組織的運作，究竟此一臨時祭壇體現怎樣的人群現象，其歷史的發展與變遷又是如何？這是本文試圖要探討的主題。從記錄福廠收支的帳冊著手，首先發現下庄福廠是由持有伯公屋產權的福德爺會所有，而伯公屋和福廠其實是福德爺會相為表裡的兩面；不僅如此，福德爺會管理人李華妹是地方頭人，其家族同時是李火德公嘗的一員。總之，下庄福廠／福德爺會源起於地方家族和擬制宗族的社會底蘊。其次在此基礎上，藉由整理日治時期的一手史料發現，瀰濃庄境內共有13個伯公神明會，進而比較分析其中8個神明會的社會構成發現，每一伯公神明會就是一種以信仰作為社會連帶基礎的社群，其組成皆有所差異。而且，神明會在運作模式和祭典上，也出現差異，不盡然存在著一致性。伯公屋與福廠是下庄舉行入年駕的物質文化表徵。就物質形式而言，伯公屋和福廠分別是常態和非常態的建築物；然而就文化意義而言，伯公屋只是事務性空間，福廠則是神聖性。這種以非常態空間形塑空間神聖性的方式，同時也表現在祭典上的儀式上。實地考察福廠所舉行的入年駕，這項祭儀的底蘊其實是漢人傳統歲俗中的謝平安和新春祈福。藉由儀式程序的階段轉換，原本祭祀天神的祭儀以轉壇方式而被轉換為福神信仰，福廠／伯公信仰最終成為祭典的主體。

關鍵字

美濃 ； 福廠 ； 伯公信仰 ； 社群 ； 儀式

並列摘要

Fu Chang is a makeshift alter built to mark the start of lunar new year celebration (Nin Neen Ga) in Yungan's Lower Village in Kaohsiung, Meinung. It's an offering to gods in a temporary space without temples and idols involved, and is commonly recognized as a seasonal ritual from the belief in Earth Gods. However, the seasonality and the ritual itself, together with the need for community organization, have made Fu Chang a very special part of folk beliefs that worth further investigation. Looking at the master ledger of the Fu Chang, one can see Lower Village Fu Chang is owned by Earth God Association (Fu De Ye Hui) who also owned the property of the Earth God Temple (Bo Kong Wu). Hence Fu Chang and Bo Kong We are actually both part of the Earth God Association. Moreover, the manager of Fu De Ye Hui, Li Hua Mei, is a local elite, his family is also a member of Li Huo De Offering Group. Based on these and the findings from documents during Japanese rule, there are totaly thirteen Earth God Associations in Meinung area. Comparing eight of the associations, it becomes clear that each Earth God Assocication is a community group based on religious belief, with more or less structural differences. Also, each has its own operations and rituals not always consistent with one another. Earth God temple (Bo Kong Wu) and Fu Chang are material and cultural symbols of new year celebration in Lower Village. The former is permanent and serves administrative purposes, while the later is temporary and is scared with spiritual significance. The practice of endowing a temporary space with sacred meaning is also reflected in the offering rituals. Observing Nin Neen Ga performed in Fu Chang, one can see the ritual is adopted from Han people's new year offerings for peace and fortune. However, by ritual procedures of the stage conversion, the ritual had reversed the offering to the Heavenly Gods but pay tribute to the Earth God. It has made Fu Chang the ultimate key role in the entire festival.

並列關鍵字

Meinung ； Fu Chang ； Earth Gods ； community ； ritual

參考文獻

〈中圳坡組合組織及規約認可（阿緱廳長）〉，臺灣總督府公文類纂，第 2087 冊 31 號（1912 年 9 月）。

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