傅柯《實用人類學＆人類學導論》初探

傅柯（Michel Foucault）之博士副論文《實用人類學＆人類學導論》法文版於2008年問世，此書包含兩大部分，第一部分為「人類學導論」是傅柯對康德《實用人類學》的評述分析；第二部分為「實用人類學」內文，是傅柯將康德《實用人類學》由德文譯成法文的法譯稿。相較於公開在索邦圖書館的打字稿，此書出版提供傅柯研究者對其早期思想的回溯有一個清晰完整的資料依據。當我們熱衷討論傅柯晚期在「法蘭西學院」課程對康德關於「啟蒙」的關注時，回顧傅柯早期思想中對康德的討論有其必要性，其早、中、晚期之思想通過對康德的思考而顯示出其思想的一貫性以及發展出一套對「先驗主體」的批判方法。《實用人類學＆人類學導論》將影響傅柯已出版作品的理解，尤其是晚期兩篇關於「啟蒙」的重要文章。因此，本文將思考傅柯思想中所承繼且創新康德的思想脈絡，並就此書之後傅柯所思考的考古學及系譜學之方法論做一脈絡釐清，也由此定位《實用人類學＆人類學導論》一書在傅柯思想中的位置。

關鍵字

康德；人類學導論；傅柯；考古學；系譜學

並列摘要

Michel Foucault's second doctoral dissertation entitled Anthropologie du point de vue pragmatique & Introduction à l'Anthropologie was published in 2008. The book contained two parts, the first of which was a critical analysis of Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View that accounts for the first part of the title. The second part is Foucault's translation of Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View from the original German into French that accounts for the second part of the title. While there has been much discussion of Foucault's attention to Kant's enlightenment during the former's later years in the Collège de France, his earlier publication of the Introduction to Kant's Anthropology provides a clear outline of Foucault's philosophical mission throughout his career in using Kant's thinking to develop a critical method for the transcendental subject. Foucault's Anthropologie du point de vue pragmatique & Introduction à l'Anthropologie affects the understanding of his subsequent works, especially his two important articles on the Enlightenment in his later years. This article therefore reflects on the context of Foucault's thought and his innovation of Kant's ideas as well as attempts to clarify his archeological and genealogical methods, thereby pinpointing an Introduction to Kant's Anthropology as part of Foucault's overall philosophy.