從「拆白道字」看漢字結構分析與別裁

An Analysis on the Structure Selection of Chinese Characters through Traditional Character Dissembling

許學仁(Hsueh-Jen Hsu)

《東華漢學》 14期 (2011/12) Pp. 193-216

https://doi.org/10.6999/DHJCS.201112.0192

摘要

古典文學中每見「拆白道字」，是隱語、酒令、戲曲三者緊密結合的文字遊戲形式。在特定的文字遊藝空間，利用靈活「拆字」和「組字」的特質，增添了文字活潑潑的生命力，和含蓄委婉的情韻。現代漢字說解姓氏，如以立早為「章」，四維為「羅」，弓長為「張」，口天為「吳」，卯金刀為「劉」，三人禾為「秦」，八千女鬼為「魏」等，其便宜拆解文字構形，皆與傳統六書溯源推因，據形定義的構形分析，有一定程度之差距，僅藉由拆解漢字基礎部件，毋須兼顧形義關係的統合，本文對比古今漢字形體演變，檢視「文字離合」之機制，並突顯古典文學「拆白道字」，藉由自由拆析文字，別寓新解，潛藏機峰的別裁理趣。

關鍵字

拆白道字 ； 六書 ； 文字離合

並列摘要

In ancient China, during the play of creating metaphoric riddles, improvising verses while drinking wine, or in theater performance, disassembling Chinese characters into several parts had been a common game for literati. In his verse ”Two Hearts in Chorus,” Huang Ting-Jien disassembled the characters ”hou men” (好悶), meaning very vexed, as: ”You let a man stay beside a woman and have no idea how my heart twitched while left in the door.” The character ”hou” was combined by a woman (女) on the left and a man (子) on the right, and the character ”men” is a heart (心) under the double doors (門). In the novel The West Chamber, Hungnian described Changshen as: ”A person (人) stands by the word Hsiao (肖)” to suggest that she thought he was cute (俏). The playful use of disassembling or combining characters gives Chinese words rigorous life; the flavors they carry out are suggestive, but nevertheless restrained.Today people explain their last names by saying different parts of the characters, such as Li (立) and Zao (早) constitute Chang (章), Si (四) and Wei (維) constitute Chang (張), Ko (口) and Tien (天) constitute Wu (吳), Mao (卯), Jin (金) and Dao (刀) constitute Liu (劉), Three People (三人) and He (禾) constitute Qin (秦), and eight thousand woman ghosts (八千女鬼) constitute Wei (魏). They are convenient ways of taking characters apart but are not exactly the methods of tracing back to the origins and structures of characters according to the traditional ”Six Ways of Constructing Chinese Characters”, which considered the integral relations between the form of each part and the meanings of a character.This paper compares the changes of Chinese characters during their development and examines the mechanism of the singling out and combination of characters in order to look into the interest of disassembling Chinese characters that wittily makes them contain different connotations.

並列關鍵字

character disassembling ； six ways of constructing Chinese characters ； singling out and combination of characters

參考文獻

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