論政治獻金之言論表達與政治平等－以日本《政治資金規正法》為例

奉個人自由和平等為圭臬的民主政治，透過政黨政治和代議制形式得以實現。然而如何擴大民眾參與政治，也是民主政治的重要課題。當中政治獻金是表達方式之一，含括有意見自由、政治平等的實質意涵。本文取日本《政治資金規正法》之例，試圖剖析該法內容蘊藏的意見表達和政治自由邏輯。《政治資金規正法》主要規範黨費、政治獻金、募款餐會等，本文依據公共性和排他性區分類型，進行比較作為黨私有財的黨費、集體財的政治獻金和募款餐會，以及1994年通過《政黨助成法》之公共財的政黨補助款。當中政治獻金和募款餐會的集資，最容易引發競合性和對價關係的爭辯，而現行的政黨補助款也屢屢被質疑其正當性。

關鍵字

政治獻金；《政治資金規正法》；政黨補助款；言論表達；政治平等

並列摘要

Democracy is based on freedom and equality, and is realized by political parties and representative systems of the government, and through them by ordinary citizens. One of the ways of participating in a democracy is through political contribution. This paper tries to analyze the Political Funds Control Act in Japan, and explores the logics of freedom of speech and equal political rights. This act mainly regulates the activities of political party such as membership fee, political contribution and fundraising parties etc. Based on the principles of publicity and exclusivity, this paper distinguishes and compares three types of political party capital, the private goods of political parties, the collective goods of political contribution and the fundraising functions as well as the Political Party Subsidies Act in allot the public goods of political party subsidies. This study argues the political contributions and fundraising parties could easily result in the dispute of the competitive and rewarding relationship. In addition, the current political party subsidies also undermine the legitimacy of them.