「善敗者不亡」的實例與戰爭意涵

Review of Xunzis's ＂Experienced Loser Tends to Know How to Best Manage War and Rebuild Country＂

陳中雨(Chung-Yu Chen)

《國防雜誌》 34卷4期 (2019/12) Pp. 25-38

https://doi.org/10.6326/NDJ.201912_34(4).0002

摘要

孫子曰：「兵者，國之大事，死生之地」，中國古代言兵者，莫不推崇《孫子兵法》。然，言（議）兵者除了孫子外，尚有荀子的〈議兵篇〉，他主張用兵時「凡用攻戰之本，在乎壹民」。換言之，用兵之要旨係指使人民歸服之意。也是荀子所稱的「人師」。即「善師者不陳，善陳者不戰，善戰者不敗，善敗者不亡」。班固曾舉例言吳楚之戰係「善敗者不亡」的代表。本文的問題意識即在此，係運用應用歷史的觀念為研究途徑，藉由文獻分析法來研析吳楚之戰與元安之戰等戰例，以達驗證「善敗者不亡」的戰爭意涵論理為目的。研究過程中發現上述四語句的原出處為《春秋．穀梁傳》，同時詳究其省略之語句與改寫之原因，以符合孔子所主張「必也正名乎」的要求。文中詳述「善敗者不亡」的意涵與實證的論述，並從中列舉不同層次的意涵所在。特別是吳楚之戰涵義除了史書上的解讀外，尚根據《左傳》、《公羊傳》與《穀梁傳》等經書的內容，析論出不同的意涵解釋。此外，本文亦論證鮮為人知的元安之戰，以再次驗證「善敗者不亡」的應用歷史之意義，此為本文研究的結果。

關鍵字

吳楚之戰 ； 元安之戰 ； 善敗者不亡

並列摘要

There has been an increasing interest in the relationship between Sun Tzu's The Art of War and Xunzi's (an ancient Chinese academic, philosopher and teacher) Discussing Military Strategy and Tactics. While Xunzi's seem to advocate that war developed from the knowledge for people, people still submitted to the brave and skillful warfares. Hence, Ban Gu (a Chinese historian, politician, and poet best known for his part in compiling the Book of Han) had argued that ＂experienced loser tends to know how to best manage war and rebuild country＂. The purpose of this paper is to examine on above argument. This study was designed to document the analysis of this question. We investigated this question via battles between Wu and Chu (state of ancient China), Yuan (dynasty of ancient China) and Annan (subordinate state of ancient China) for empirical examination. During the analysis, two types of battles made someone believed in the statement＂ experienced loser tends to know how to best manage war and rebuild country＂. In general, as written in Tso Chuan (an ancient Chinese narrative history), Gong Yang (an annals or commentary on the Spring and Autumn), Ku Liang (commentary on the Spring and Autumn annals), that had some different meanings for the topics. Finally, the author hopes that it will enlighten such issue to readers or at least pave the way to research that applied history to enhance the study of ＂experienced loser tends to know how to best manage war and rebuild country＂.

並列關鍵字

Battles between Wu and Chu ； Battles between Yuan and Annan ； The Losers Aren't Defeated yet