傅科(Michel Foucault)對於當代犯罪控制的啓發

Michel Foucault's Implications to the Contemporary Crime Control

許華孚(Hua-Fu Hsu)

《犯罪與刑事司法研究》 3期 (2004/09) Pp. 103-148

https://doi.org/10.29861/CCJI.200409.0004

摘要

面對當代犯罪控制上的顯著特徵，包含犯罪風險管理、新刑罰學發展、刑事政策的趨嚴轉變與監禁人數的大量增加，本文企圖從Foucault的思想分析西方社會的發展與政府管理思維間的交互作用，以解釋近來刑事司法系統在於犯罪控制的演變。從Foucault文本中對於「規訓的技術」、「權力的行使」、「治理性」的概念中，可以發現在治理犯罪的問題上正朝向一個新的方向，以經濟的論述爲主，強調犯罪人是理性人、情境人的特徵。而在當代犯罪學探討也逐漸增加對於風險、精算、統計、選擇或是可能性的分析語言，這套語言將經濟學中理性與計算的概念移植到犯罪學的領域中，同時也逐漸重視的一些觀念如被害人賠償、降低傷害、強調犯罪控制與處遇的效率與實際成效，及依賴技術性的流程如課責性、財務控制、自由市場機能與管理主義。新的犯罪學理論架構主張犯罪是正常的、可預測的，在每一天的經濟與社會的生活領域中，其實爲從事非法的活動提供無限的可能性。從Foucault思想啟發中，本文亦提出一個犯罪控制三角建構圖的概念，其中「主體的預設」、「論述的形塑」與「統治的技術」彼此錯綜複雜的交結運作著，並且從犯罪控制的策略中，更進一步探討台灣刑罰經驗現象發展之相關脈絡，最後對於當代犯罪控制的特質，提出犯罪控制將犯罪人從其完整的個人給疏離掉的省思，希冀對於當代犯罪控制之發展提供一個新的論述視野。

關鍵字

犯罪控制 ； 規訓與懲罰 ； 治理性 ； 犯罪控制三角建構 ； 經濟論述

並列摘要

This paper aims to develop Foucault's concepts to articulate some recently transforming characteristics of crime control, such as crime risk management, the deployment of new penology, harsh criminal justice policies and dramatically increasing prisoners. The direction of contemporary crime control has shifted into an economic discourse emphasizing a criminal as a rational, an economic and a situational man, and established an actuarial language as mechanisms of appraising and arranging dangerous groups rather than intervening in the lives of individuals. The acceleration of demands for rationality, accountability, and managerialism has become crystallized. The analysis of 'disciplinary techniques', 'exercise of power' and 'governmentality' from Foucault provides insightful explanation about the intertwining relationship of penal-government complex in shaping crime control issues and policies.
The framework of new criminology assumes that crime is ordinary and predictable. Various possibilities and opportunities for illegal activities actually occur in the economic and social realms of everyday lives. This paper attempts to construct a triangle figure of crime control for further understanding the strategies and techniques that are currently emerging in the field of crime control. Furthermore, the paper argues how much extent the Taiwanese penal development can be traced to the context of the contemporary crime control strategies. It hopes to offer explicit perspectives and interpretations for the development of contemporary crime control and punishment.

並列關鍵字

crime control ； discipline and punish ； governmentality ； triangle theory of crime control ； economic discourse