Emerging Processes and Concepts of Restorative Justice and Its Implication to Criminal Justice in the United States

修復式正義在美國之崛起及其在刑事司法之運用

郭世雅(Shih-Ya Kuo)

《犯罪與刑事司法研究》 16期 (2011/03) Pp. 1-45

https://doi.org/10.29861/CCJI.201103.0001

摘要

長久以來，犯罪被害人並未受到應有的重視。直到一九六○年代，經過社會學者及社會運動者疾呼，才引起社會的注意。雖然自此之後，建立了一連串的方法協助被害人，但被害人和被害人家屬仍不斷表達對刑事司法體系的不滿，並稱刑事司法體系根本無法回應他們的需求。約在一九八○年代，修復式正義崛起，修復式正義給予受害者及受害家屬各種機會，例如表達他們對事件的感受、充分被告知司法程序的進展、被公平的對待，以及讓他們可與加害者面對面要求補償和接受道歉的機會。修復式正義曾被運用於各種場合，例如學校及工作場所；修復式正義也曾被西方（如加拿大）和非西方國家（如日本）用來處理人與人之間的紛爭。本文焦點在於討論西方國家（特別是美國）如何將修復式正義帶進刑事司法體系。本文分五個部分，第一部分談論新興崛起的修復式正義是如何在美國對刑事司法形成一股影響力量；其次介紹修復式正義定義的演進；第三部分探討修復式正義的正當性及其如何融入西方國家（如紐西蘭、加拿大及美國）的刑事法及刑事政策；第四部分介紹修復式正義的主要形式，包括被害加害者調解會(VOM)及家庭團體討論會(FGC)；最後本文探討修復式正義所衍生的問題以及如何將修復式正義延伸至美國刑事司法體系及刑事政策。

關鍵字

修復式正義 ； 受害者加害者調解會 ； 家庭團體討論會 ； 判決討論會

並列摘要

Historically, victims were given little or no consideration in the criminal justice process until social movements formed in the 1960s, in which activists and scholars called for social reforms. Since then, a series of measures aiming to assist victims have been established. However, over years victims and their families have been expressing their frustration and dissatisfaction toward the criminal justice system and claiming that the system has failed to fulfill their needs. The restorative justice process emerged in the 1980s, which allows victims to speak about their victimization, to be informed, to be treated fairly, and to discuss the reparation with offenders, including an apology. While restorative justice practices have been applied in various settings, such as schools, and workplaces and different cultural contexts, including Western and non-Western countries, this paper focuses on the criminal justice system within Western cultural contexts, the United States, particularly. This paper consists of five sections. The first looks at how restorative justice emerged as an influential force in American criminal justice. The second discusses the evolving definition of restorative justice. The third discusses underlying justification of restorative justice and how restorative justice was integrated into criminal justice legislation or policies in some countries, including New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. The fourth introduces the major forms of restorative justice, such as victim-offender mediation (VOM) and family group conferencing (FGC). The fifth section identifies issues and implications for expanding restorative justice policies in the United States.

並列關鍵字

restorative justice ； victim-offender mediation ； family group conferencing ； sentencing circles