清康熙時期「禮儀之爭」之研究

明末清初，耶穌會士以西學四技為傳教之媒，在巾國建立天主教的根基，尤其康熙年間，被譽為是天主教在華的黃金時期。然中西文化接觸，引發了有關中國禮儀問題的爭論，最主要的焦點是：「天主」的名稱問題、祭孔祀祖的問題，基本上這是儒家思想和天主教神學思想的衝突。從明末以來，「禮儀之爭」始終無法平息，及至康熙年間，更是越演越烈。不同修會之間的爭論，使得教宗作出禁止敬天、祭孔、祀祖之中國禮儀的決定，為了宣揚禁令，教宗二次差派特使來華折衝與處理善後。在此期間，康熙帝曾派遣教士出訪教廷以求証，中國信徒也聯名上書教廷，表達心聲。終因教起堅持維持原議，使得康熙帝為捍衛天朝尊嚴、固守中國傳統思想，斷然採取禁教的手段，於是天主教因「禮儀之爭」而進入長達百餘年的禁教命運。

關鍵字

康熙；清代；天主教；禮儀之爭

並列摘要

During the end of Ming dynasty and the early of the Ch'ing dynasty, Catholic missionary, under the excuse of instructing the western knowledge and technology to people in China, came to preach and established the foundation of Christianity. Especially the K'ang-hsi dynasty was the prime time for Christianity. However, the encounter between eastern and western cultures brought about the rite controversy. The focus was on the issue of worshiping the ancestors, the conflict between Confucianism and Catholic thoughts. Since the later years of Ming dynasty, rite controversy had been going on, and the controversy was getting worse during the K'ang-hsi dynasty. Because of the continuous conflicts and arguments among the different religious mission groups, Pope made a final decision; that is, to prohibit the followers' behaviors from worshipping heaven, Confucius and ancestors. In order to show his determination, Pope sent messages twice to China to announce his decision. Emperor K'ang-hsi also sent missionaries to confirm the decision made by Pope. Religious followers and disciples also showed their concern and opinions. However, Pope insisted on his decision. In order to protect the dignity of the Ch'ing dynasty and stick to Chinese traditional custom and thoughts, Emperor also decided to forbid Christianity in China. Thus, the rite controversy could not escape the destiny of being prohibited for more than one hundred years in China.

並列關鍵字

K'ang-hsi ； Ch'ing Dynasty ； Catholicism ； Rite Controversy

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清康熙時期「禮儀之爭」之研究

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