「昭穆制」的歷史意義與功能

作爲古代宗法制度的重要組成部分，昭穆制因史料的語焉不詳，成爲困擾歷代學者致其聚訟紛爭、模棱兩可的學術難題。從已有的成果來看，將昭穆與婚級、墓葬、宗廟制度聯系起來探討者甚夥，但持反對論者更不在少數。本課題前期成果從探討家奠弔祭與婚制禮法入手，著重從「婚級制與昭穆」、「家族政治與昭穆」、「君宗之辨與昭穆」角度進行闡釋，並認爲，昭穆制應當緣於兩姓氏族相互通婚且母系氏族分宗，班位在兩系中輪流變動這一根本原則，其本質在於昭穆之間互通父子，且昭與昭、穆與穆之間屬於同族，而昭穆之間分屬異族，其產生的原因既決定了昭穆制度是維繫宗族成員關係的一項重要政治制度，及至後代，昭穆開始異變，成爲合宗收族的一種禮法，開始表現爲大宗宗子在宗族日常事務中據核心地位並有別於君統之外的制度。作爲研究成果的第二部份，本文繼續承接第一步研究成果的思路，並將研究假設建立在對大量譜牒解讀的基礎上，並試圖得到下述結論：昭穆制度下的「敬宗收族」精神則是指導譜牒修撰的基本原則。

關鍵字

宗法；昭穆；敬宗收族；譜牒；家族政治

並列摘要

As an important part of patriarchal clan system in ancient China, the Zhao-Mu system has always been a focus of controversial and ambiguous academic problem which plagued the ancient and modern scholars for a long time because of insufficient historical material. From the available results, a great many researchers have explored the system which connected with the hierarchical marriage system, the funeral system and the ancestral temples system, but there are still lots of scholars who hold opposing views either. To proceed from researching the law and disciplining rite of clan-sacrifice, my prophase research emphatically gave a detailed explanation from the distinctions and relations between the Zhao-Mu system, the hierarchical marriage system, the clan-politics system, and the identification of the politics system or the clan system. Based on that research, this paper have examined the possibility of its existence and holds the opinion that the Zhao-Mu system originated in the intermarriage between two clans and the division of maternal clans. The cardinal principle that the alternative of Title grade in two different clans lies in the interflow of filiations in the same clan, further more, the relation between Zhao and Zhao, Mu and Mu is just part of the same clan, while Zhao and Mu belong to different clans, which makes the Zhao-Mu system critically political in maintaining the relationship between the clan members. Different from monarchy, the Zhao-Mu system, afterwards, is mutated to one part of law and discipline rite in Clan Syncretism and Tribe Unity, which manifested that the heir takes the most important role of clan in routine duties. As the second section of the research findings, the thesis would adhere to the thought of results that have achieved in the first part, and lays our hypothesis on the basis of great amount of Genealogy, then try to drawn a initiative collusion that the Respect for the Ancestors and Unit the Tribe under the Zhao-Mu system, is the basic guideline in instructing the course of Genealogy revision.