臺灣臺中安和遺址墓葬與人骨分析

安和考古遺址位在大肚台地東側與臺中平原交界處，遺址行政區隸屬臺中市西屯區。國立自然科學博物館於2013至2014年於福和段331地號進行發掘，總共發掘345個2x2公尺的探坑，面積約1,400m^2。出土遺物極為豐富，包括器型多樣的雙連杯、缽、盆、豆、瓶型器、高圈足盤、五口杯等，許多陶片具有典型大坌坑刻劃紋、紅彩繪紋飾等。出土石器類型有玉錛、鑿形器、矛鏃形器、斧鋤形器、石刀、樹皮布打棒、兩縊型網墜、玉飾等，其中以澎湖的橄欖石玄武岩石斧與鯊魚牙齒造型的穿孔閃玉飾最為特殊。發掘基地中央有完整之石列建築結構，以及石列南側發現墓葬48座。墓葬人骨大部分為頭向南的仰身直肢葬，部分有豐富陪葬品。此外也發現石虎、狗、鹿、豬等獸骨、魚骨、貝殼及鯊魚牙齒、稻米及小米等生態遺留。安和考古遺址的範圍北起台灣大道南至協和北二巷，面積約400X200平方公尺，遺址範圍內的文化層序包括大坌坑文化層、牛罵頭文化層及清中葉漢人文化遺留。其中大坌坑文化層多在台地下層紅色壤土中出現，牛罵頭文化層在中層淺褐壤土出現，而清漢人文化層則在耕土層出現。本次發現48座墓葬是臺灣少數新石器時代早中期的墓葬群，同時也是中部地區首次有此時期的人骨出土。由於遺址的碳十四年代距今約5500－4000 B.P.之間，出土的陶器類型蘊涵新石器時代早中期之大坌坑與牛罵頭早期文化類型，並含有大量的玉器、鯊魚齒項鍊等特殊陪葬品，推測已有不同社會階層的劃分，因此配合豐富的人骨資料，遺址的發現有助於了解新石器早中期文化的內涵。本次出土墓葬多數為仰身直肢葬，人骨頭朝南或西南，雙手交疊或一手置於腹部，有接近1／4為未成年人，成年個體以青年及壯年為主。骨骼少有受傷及病理現象，下肢較上肢發達，可能經常長距離行走，人骨有高比例的脛骨蹲距小面，應從幼年時期經常處於蹲距的姿勢。牙齒健康狀況普遍良好，不過仍有相當比例的琺瑯質發育不全，顯示安和人群成長時期有營養壓力，也有高比例的儀式性拔齒。安和人骨是臺灣少數新石器時代早中期的墓葬群，同時也是中部地區首批此時期的人骨，本文觀察分析安和考古遺址人骨的體質特徵，並將墓葬習俗初步結論進行區域及跨區域意義的探討。安和遺址的文化內涵屬於新石器時代早中期，「大坌坑文化」被認為是臺灣最早期的新石器時代文化，在南島語族起源與擴散的議題上扮演重要的角色。過去大坌坑文化的資料相當有限，近年來臺南科學園區南關里與南關里東兩遺址的發掘，為大坌坑文化提供了豐富的資料。兩遺址大坌坑文化層內含大量的遺物與遺跡，顯示該時期已有定居型的聚落。有學者推測大坌坑文化可能與最早遷移至臺灣的南島語族有關，Bellwood（2011）認為早期的南島族群在8000年前長江下游稻米農業開始發展後，人口增加因此沿著東南沿海往南擴散，大坌坑文化可能是這群人於5500年前到達臺灣後所發展起來的新石器時代文化。安和遺址有稻米及小米等生態遺留，完整之石列建築結構也顯示有大型聚落，雖然大坌坑文化的切確來源尚未定論，但是自大坌坑時期至新石器時代中期，不論是遺址的數量或聚落的規模都有顯著的增加，意謂這個時期是臺灣史前文化發展的關鍵。

關鍵字

新石器時代；大坌坑文化；仰身直肢葬；拔牙習俗；病理觀察

並列摘要

Anho archaeological site located at the eastern part of Tadu terrace and the Taichung plain. The administrative district is Situn area in Taichung City. National Museum of Natural Science excavated the Anho archaeological site of Fuho section #331 in 2013 to 2014. With the size of 2x2meters each test pit and the total 345 pits were excavated The excavated area is about 1400 square meters. Varies types of pottery including jar with double cups with a high stem, bowl, basin with high stem, bowl with high stem, bottle shaped vessel, plate shaped vessel with high stem, jar with five cups, etc. The typical Tapenkeng style pottery decoration including incised pattern and ceramics with red colored paint were found. Stone objects including stone adzes, chisels, spearheads, stone axes, stone knives, nephrite objects, tapa beaters, net sinkers with two strings and the nephrite ornament with shark teeth shape are the special objects. The lined stone indicating house structure was found in the middle of the excavated area, where 48 burials were distributed in the south. Most burials were heading south with supine position. Some burials were placed with a large amount of burial goods. In addition, Leopard cats, dogs, deer, boar animal bones, shells, shark teeth, fish bone rice, millet and many biological remains were unearthed. The area of the site is north from the Taiwan Boulevard to the south of Sheiho north II Alley and the size of the site is about 400x200 square meters. Three culture layers were discovered. Tapenkeng culture layer is in the lower strata red clay of Tadu terrace, where the middle light brown soil level is Niumatou culture layer and the upper cultivation layer is the middle Chin Dynasty Han culture remains. The unearthed 48 burials belong to the early-mid Neolithic period in Taiwan and they were the earliest human remains unearthed in the Taichung area. The C14-AMS dating of charcoal samples has yielded a date around 5500-4000 B.P. Pottery discovered from this site shows a Neolithic Tapenkeng style and a typical early Niumatou pattern. The discovery of the burial goods such as large nephrite stone adzes and necklace with shark tooth shape indicate the social differentiation in the society. Hence, the discovery of Anho site will enrich our knowledge about the early-mid Neolithic culture of Taiwan. This study is a bioarchaeological analysis of these human skeletons and discusses the result within their archaeological context. Most burials are practiced in supine position, heading south or southwest, with two hands crossed or one hand on top of the belly. The result shows that nearly 1/4 individulas are subadults and most individuals died as young adults. Injuries and pathological conditions are rarely observed on these skeletons. Their lower limb bones exhibit more robust muscle markings, suggesting the Neolithic people frequently engaged in long-distance walking. The high frequency of squatting factet on ankle bones indicates a habitual squatting since childhood. The overall dental health is good but the moderate frequency of LEH observed in the adult anterior teeth indicates a physiological stress during childhood. Most adult skeletons practice ritual tooth ablation. These results then compare to the data of comtemporary and later sites, showing some regional differences of early Neolithic societies and a significant cultural change in prehistoric central Taiwan. The culture content of this excavation belong to the early-mid Neolithic period, Tapenkeng culture is the earliest stage in Taiwan Neolithic period, which also play an important role in discussion of the origin and distribution of Austronesian people. It has quite limit information in the past before the excavation in Nankuanli E and Nankuanli sites in Tainan Science Park. The result had provided abundant information of the Tapenkeng culture. With the large amount of artifacts and relics unearthed, it is known for the large settlement with many polulation. Some scholars considered Tapenkeng culture is related to the earliest immigrated Austranesian in Taiwan. Particularly Dr. Bellwood (2011) consider the migration started from the lower Yangtz before 8000 years from China, owing to the development of agriculture causing the population growth hence the people of Tapenkeng people arrived in Taiwan about 5500 years ago. There are rice and millets remains in Anho site, alone with lined stone structure indicating the large size of the settlement in Taichung. Although the origin of Tapenkeng culture needs further discussion in the future, whereas the total number of sites and the scale of settlement are increasing in the area, indicating the critical period of the prehistoric culture development in Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

Neolithic ； Tapenkeng culture ； supine burial practice ； ritual tooth ablation ； pathological observation

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