王充卜筮觀之創意－起卦結果之假定意義與創意詮釋

易占自古以來為華人決疑的重要方式之一；然而，中國士人談論《易經》，多側重義理，避談象數、占卜，所謂「善為易者不占」（《荀子‧大略》）。在占或不占之間，能另闢蹊徑，著作專文且深入探討，成一家之言者，非《論衡‧卜筮篇》莫屬。王充的卜筮觀重點約之如下：首先，對於卜筮的看法，他認為卜筮是可用的，但關鍵在於起卦結果的詮釋；其次，解卦者不可為「直占之知」，須由具「有知」、「能審」，以及「據實」等能力之「詭論之才」，始可為之；最後，解卦的內容與素材，不得依據卦爻辭，直接斷定吉凶；而應根據「已效之驗」的事實，作為解卦的依據，達到「效之以事」與「考之以心」，對現實狀況進行深度覺察，進而對起卦結果之吉凶作出斷定。王充將起卦結果的吉凶判定，由神諭改為人知；即由神靈爻辭命定，改為智者對現實的深入詮釋。如此一來，起卦結果成為「假定意義」。假定訊息是有意義的，但吉凶斷定則有待於起卦者，根據自己內在覺知、現實認知，以及起卦結果等充分聯結，進行「創意詮釋」後，始得成立。此一觀點之建立，有助於去除易占的宗教神祕色彩，使得解卦詮釋歷程，呈現多元真理與個別化。故王充卜筮觀若能加以研究，進而整合後現代諮商概念，建構易經諮商之理論基礎，使易占成為諮商晤談的媒介，將使《易經》發展，得以進入跨領域的新時代意義。

關鍵字

王充；卜筮；論衡；易經；假定意義

並列摘要

Among traditional Chinese thinkers, there are well-researched divination, and there are incisive writings, which is Wang Chong's ＂論衡‧卜筮篇＂. Wang Chong's point of view on divination has three main points. First, he believes that divination can be used, but the emphasis is on interpretation. Second, in interpreting the results of divination, it must be performed by intelligent people. Such people must possess ＂knowledge＂. ＂Fine＂ and ＂realistic feelings.＂ In the end, the material explaining the results of divination cannot be based on the text of the I Ching, but must be based on actual conditions to make a deeper awareness and to determine the good and bad of this divination. Thus, for Wang Chong, the result of divination became ＂assumed meaning.＂ It is assumed that the information obtained by divination is meaningful. Then, based on the actual situation and his own opinions, to explain the results of divination, this becomes a ＂creative interpretation＂. The establishment of this point of view will help remove the religious color of divination. Moreover, the interpretation of the results of divination reveals a plurality of truths and the importance of individualization. This is helpful for the use of divination in consultancy and the construction of theory.