十六國重要政權與同期拓拔鮮卑之漢化概況比較－以官方文教政策爲討論核心

西晉末以降，中國北方呈現為群雄割據、五胡十六國相繼崛起的動蕩情勢，最終由北魏弭平亂局並取得統一。因為如此，傳統對於這段時期漢文化之興衰起落的認知，往往是政治曲線的一種延伸，大抵上認為漢文化在戰爭頻仍的十六國時期受到嚴重斲害，必須等到北魏重新提振之後始得以逐漸恢復。本篇論文主要探討建立北魏的拓拔鮮卑一族之漢化歷程，並依照時間脈絡，逐次對前趙、後趙、前秦、後秦與慕容氏諸燕等當時重要政權之漢文化概況展開插敘，進行交叉比較，以顯示出拓拔鮮卑之漢文化水平在五胡之中的相對高度，從而提出反證：在中原地區發展的其他異族政權，對於漢文化經常有一定程度的重視，反倒是拓拔鮮卑長期排拒漢文化，即使到了北魏初期甚至中期，其進步的狀態也是十分有限的，實際上在五胡之中，可說是漢化最為遲緩的族群。

關鍵字

漢化；五胡；十六國；北魏；拓拔鮮卑

並列摘要

Since the end of Western Jin dynasty, the northern China was occupied by various powers. Five Ethnic Minorities and Sixteen-state rose one after another till North Wei suppressed all the revolts and troubles and united the area. Because of this, the traditional understanding about the rise and fall of Han culture during this period of time is usually an extension of political ”curve”. Most of the time, people think Han culture was serious damaged during the sixteen-state when there were always wars and battles. It was not until Wei that the Han culture was recovered. This paper mainly explores the Hniztion process of Tuoba Xianbei, who established North Wei. And according to the time sequence, the author will relate and make comparison about the general Situation of Han culture of those major regimes., such as Qian Zhao, Hou Zhao, Qian Qin, Hou Qin, Qian Yan, Hou Yan, Nan Yan, etc. to show the level of Hnistion of Tuoba Xianbei is higher than all the other states in the Five Ethnic Minorities. From this the author proves the other ethnic political powers developed in the central area of China usually attached importance to Han culture to a certain degree. It is Tuoba Xianbei that had rejected Han culture for a long period of time. Even during the early and the middle period of North Wei, its progressive condition was still very limited. In fact, North Wei can be said to be the slowest race to Hniztion among Five Ethnic Minorities.