佛陀紀念館玉佛殿「東方琉璃世界」與「西方極樂世界」浮雕之圖像探悉

An Iconological Study on ＂the Eastern Pure Land＂ and ＂ the Western Pure Land＂ Reliefs of Jade Buddha Hall in the Buddha Museum

釋永東(Yung-dong Shih)

《華人前瞻研究》 17卷1期 (2021/05) Pp. 107-109+111-146

摘要

佛光山自1976年開山，歷經三期建築，完成今天佛、法、僧俱足的三寶山。期間在三期建築的室外長廊上，分別雕塑了大悲殿「觀音菩薩應化事蹟」浮雕，佛陀紀念館「佛陀本生行化」、「禪畫禪話」、「護生畫集」與玉佛殿內兩側的「東方琉璃世界」與「西方極樂世界」玉浮雕，以及藏經樓「靈山海會」共六組浮雕。筆者已陸續完成其中五組戶外浮雕的研究，本論文所要研究的佛陀紀念館玉佛殿之左右兩幅浮雕佛像，迥異於前五組浮雕壁畫，首先此兩幅浮雕是在玉佛殿內中央主尊臥佛的兩側牆面上，屬室內非室外浮雕；再者，前五組浮雕壁畫都是泥塑，除第一組素色外，其餘四組都在泥塑後再加上彩繪，而本研究的兩幅佛像浮雕卻是採用各種色彩的玉片，依構圖一片片鑲崁上去的；其次，前五組室外浮雕內容以釋迦牟尼佛「娑婆世界」為主，此兩幅浮雕佛像卻是藥師佛的「東方琉璃世界」與阿彌陀佛的「西方極樂世界」為主，已進入大乘佛教的多佛思想。在整個佛光山建築群中別具特色。本研究依據德國潘諾夫斯基圖像分析法的三個步驟：描述、分析與解釋，分別從玉佛殿內兩側的「東方琉璃世界」與「西方極樂世界」浮雕的外觀，來描述浮雕的色彩、光線、線條、結構、構圖等，再從兩幅浮雕的圖像分析，了解其與《藥師經》、《阿彌陀經》的關聯性，就其內在意義與內容作深意綜合詮釋，最後總結出此兩幅浮雕的世界觀、時代意義與價值。再比對佛光山四大宗旨—以教育培養人才、以文化弘揚佛法、以慈善福利社會、以共修淨化人心的呼應程度，以利掌握佛光山立體浮雕壁畫之演變與發展的完整資料。希冀本研究成果能彰顯浮雕壁畫在弘法上的潛能，深化一般人對佛教浮雕的認識，提供認識佛光山浮雕藝術，與導覽六組浮雕的參考，以及後人做相關研究的參考文獻。

關鍵字

佛陀紀念館 ； 玉佛殿浮雕 ； 東方琉璃世界 ； 西方極樂世界 ； 潘諾夫斯基圖像學 ； 佛光山四大宗旨

並列摘要

Fo Guang Shan has gone through three phases of construction to complete today's Triple Gem Mountain fully possessing the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha since it was established in 1976. During the third phase of construction, there were six sets of reliefs added along the covered outdoor walkways, including the relief carving of the stories of Guanyin Bodhisattva in the Great Compassion Shrine, three relief carvings in the Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum: Stories of the Buddha, Chan Art and Stories, and Life Protection Murals, two jade relief carvings on both sides of the Jade Buddha Shrine: Land of Pure Crystals in the East and Land of Peace in the West, and the Assembly on Vulture Peak relief carving in the Sutra Repository. The author has successively completed the studies on five outdoor sets of reliefs. The two reliefs of Buddha statues on the left and right sides of the Jade Buddha Shrine in the Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum to be studied in this thesis are very different from the previous five sets of reliefs. First of all, these two reliefs located on both sides of the central reclining Buddha statue in the Jade Buddha Shrine belong to indoor, not outdoor relief sculpture. In addition, the previous five sets of reliefs are all clay sculptures; except one using plain colors, the others are all colorfully painted after sculpting. However, the two reliefs of Buddha statues in this study are made of jade pieces of various colors embedded piece by piece according to the composition. Furthermore, the content of the previous five sets of outdoor reliefs are mainly related to ＂the Saha world＂ of Sakyamuni Buddha, but the two reliefs of Buddha statues depict ＂the Eastern Pure Land＂ of Medicine Buddha and ＂ the Western Pure Land＂ of Amitabha Buddha and represent thoughts of many Buddhas in Mahayana Buddhism. They are highly distinctive in the entire Fo Guang Shan architectural complex. This study follows the three steps of Erwin Panofsky's iconological method: description, analysis and interpretation. It starts with describing the color, light, line, structure, composition, etc. of the reliefs on the basis of the appearance of ＂the Eastern Pure Land＂ and ＂the Western Pure Land＂ relief carvings located on both sides of Jade Buddha Shrine. Then it attempts to understand their relevance to the Medicine Master Sutra and the Amitabha Sutra by means of the iconographic analysis of the two reliefs, and goes further to make a profound and comprehensive interpretation of their internal meaning and content. Finally, it concludes with the worldview, contemporary meaning and value of the two relief carvings. It also makes a comparison with the four main objectives of Fo Guang Shan: to propagate the Dharma through culture, to foster talent through education, to benefit society through charity, and to purify human minds through spiritual cultivation, so as to grasp the complete information of the evolution and development of three-dimensional relief carvings of Fo Guang Shan. It is hoped that the results of this research can manifest the potential of spreading the Dharma through relief murals, deepen ordinary people's understanding of Buddhist reliefs, provide information to understand the art of Fo Guang Shan reliefs and give a guided tour of the six sets of reliefs, and provide a reference for future research.

並列關鍵字

Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum ； reliefs of Jade Buddha Shrine ； Land of Pure Crystals in the East ； Land of Peace in the West ； Erwin Panofsky's iconology ； four main objectives of Fo Guang Shan