試論國家利益考量與外交政策抉擇之關聯：以岸信介內閣為例

陳慧瑩

《中日文化論叢》 32期 (2015/07) Pp. 173-197

摘要

戰後被稱為「獨裁宰相」的吉田內閣，其「對美一面倒」政策與出任五次總理大臣的長期執政狀況，終於造成日本國內民心的倦怠與政界「反吉田」勢力的結成。於是強調「自主外交」、「自主憲法」和「自主防衛」的鳩山內閣登場；其後的石橋內閣亦主張「對美自主」，試圖藉由外交的自主發展，逐步實現戰後日本實質上之國家主權獨立。然自1957年2月25日岸信介就任總理大臣後，岸內閣開始透過訪問中華民國等明確公開的反共行動，表達其「親美反共」之外交原則。換言之，戰後日本政治過程中好不容易萌芽的「自主外交」現象，至岸內閣時期卻又再度重返「對美追隨」狀況。岸內閣的政策轉向，必然有其國家利益考量。但國家利益的形成包含諸多要素，且有輕重緩急之程度分別。依據岸信介的國家利益考量，在當時的冷戰國際情勢下，「穩固美日同盟關係」乃為攸關日本國家存亡的最重要國家利益；而其他層級之國家利益皆須依據此一最大政策原則而行。因此日本的外交政策，特別在對「中」、對華政策方面出現明顯的左右擺盪現象。

關鍵字

岸信介內閣 ； 國家利益 ； 外交政策抉擇 ； 美日同盟

並列摘要

The Yoshida cabinet, known as ＂tyrannical prime minister,＂ after the war with the foreign policy that leaning to the United States and the long-ruling status as prime minister for five terms, finally resulted in burnout in Japanese people and formed the political ＂anti -Yoshida＂ forces. So the Hatoyama Cabinet which emphasized on ＂Independent Diplomacy＂, ＂ the Constitution independency＂ and ＂independent defense＂ debut; the subsequent Ishibashi Cabinet also advocated ＂Independent to the US＂, trying to realize Japanese sovereignty and independence after the war step by step through independent development in diplomacy. However, after Kishi (nobusuke kishi) became prime minister on February 25, 1957, the Cabinet began to express its diplomatic principle of ＂pro-US & anti -communist＂ through some actions like visiting the ROC etc. In other words, the ＂independent diplomacy＂ emerging after the war started to return to ＂follow the US＂ during the Kishi Cabinet. There must be some considerations on national interest for the policy changing of Kishi Cabinet. But the formation of the country contain many elements beneficial, and there is the degree of priorities respectively. According to considerations of national interests by the Kishi Cabinet, ＂a solid US-Japan alliance＂ is most critical to Japanese national interest under the international circumstances of the cold war. And all the rest levels of national interest is based on this policy. So Japan's foreign policy became swinging especially in the policies towards China and Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

Kishi Cabinet ； national interests ； foreign policy choices ； the US-Japan alliance