由社會資本探討高齡者社會參與與幸福感之研究

全世界都面臨老化問題，台灣預估2025年老年人口將超過20％，為「超高齡社會」，聯合國及世界衛生組織提倡活躍老化觀念，強調老人社會參與以得到尊嚴並達到成功老化目標，本文以社會資本概念來探討高齡者的社會參與以獲得幸福感。本研究採用問卷調查法，帶領學生進行社區高齡服務後，持問卷訪問參與代間共學活動的高齡者，了解高齡者參與社區活動後情形及幸福感感受。社區高齡服務實作活動共計4次，學生服務96人次，高齡者參與117人次。問卷採自編「高齡者參與活動幸福感」量表，經信度檢視Cronbach's alpha為.830。因素分析結果取「代間共學」「人際關係」及「生活滿意」3個共同因素，解釋總變異量為74.258。高齡者以自願性質填寫本問卷，共91人完成問卷填寫，年齡最高者為93歲，最年輕為60歲，平均年齡為82.88歲（標準差為9.80）。問卷內容三大構面，以「代間共學」平均數最高，第二是「生活滿意」及「人際關係」。相關分析顯示代間共學參與度愈高人際關係愈好，代間共學參與度愈高生活滿意也愈高，而人際關係愈好其生活滿意也愈高。質性分析也發現高齡者喜歡看到年輕人、喜歡參加活動，希望經常舉辦類似活動，年輕學生的出現似乎帶來希望。研究發現性別與年齡未達顯著差異，顯示高齡者不論性別與年齡，只要願意走入社區，多增加社會參與，就能得到生活滿意及幸福感受。本研究建議（一）增進高齡者社會參與，豐富人際網絡（二）參與社區活動，落實在地老化（三）鼓勵志願服務，增進自我實現（四）建立友善高齡社會參與管道（五）持續累積高齡者社會資本（六）學校社區連結，增加高齡者社會參與機會。

關鍵字

社會資本；社會參與；生活滿意；幸福感

並列摘要

The whole world is facing the problem of aging. Taiwan predicts that the elderly population will exceed 20% by 2025, which is a ＂super-aged society＂. The United Nations and the World Health Organization advocate active aging concepts, emphasizing the participation of the elderly in society to gain dignity and achieve the goal of successful aging. Use the concept of social capital to explore the social participation of the elderly to gain a sense of happiness. This study uses a questionnaire survey method. After leading students to provide elderly services in the community, they use questionnaires to interview the elderly who participate in intergenerational learning activities to understand the situation and happiness of the elderly after participating in community activities. A total of 4 community senior service implementation activities, 96 student services, and 117 senior citizens participated. The questionnaire was compiled from the ＂Happiness of Senior Citizens' Participation in Activities＂ scale. Cronbach's alpha is .830 based on reliability. The result of factor analysis takes the three common factors of ＂intergenerational co-learning＂, ＂interpersonal relationship＂ and ＂life satisfaction＂, explained the total variation of 74.258. Elderly people filled out this questionnaire on a voluntary basis. A total of 91 people completed the questionnaire. The oldest was 93 years old, the youngest was 60 years old, and the average age was 82.88 years (standard deviation 9.80). The content of the questionnaire has three dimensions. The average number of ＂Intergenerational Learning＂ is the highest, and the second is ＂Life Satisfaction＂ and ＂Interpersonal Relationships.＂ Correlation analysis shows that the higher the degree of intergenerational co-learning, the better the interpersonal relationship, the higher the degree of intergenerational co-learning, the higher the life satisfaction, and the better the interpersonal relationship, the higher the life satisfaction. Qualitative analysis also found that the elderly like to see young people, like to participate in activities, and hope to hold similar activities frequently, and the appearance of young students seems to bring hope. The study found that gender and age did not reach a significant difference, as long as the elderly are willing to enter the community and increase social participation, they can get life satisfaction and happiness. This study recommends (1) increase the social participation of the elderly, enrich the interpersonal network (2) participate in community activities, implement local aging (3) encourage voluntary services, and enhance self-realization (4) establish a friendly social participation channel for the elderly (5) continue to accumulate Social Capital of the Elderly (6) School and community connection, increasing the opportunities for the elderly to participate in society.