福科法律觀的簡介

A Critical Exposition on Foucault's Conception of Law and Society

洪鎌德

《哲學論集》 34期 (2001/07) Pp. 73-121

https://doi.org/10.29699/FJPS.200107.0004

摘要

本文首述福科如何以考古學和系譜學的方法從事顛覆傳統對文化、歷史、哲學之詮釋。繼而指出他法律觀與權力觀的密切關聯。早期的刑法代表國王權力與威嚴維持的手段。但刑罰的演變卻由斬首、殺身，而變成囚禁，最後，甚至把異議人士送進精神病院，這說明了對人身的拘禁轉變到對人心的控制，這是由於過去君王絕對的與陰暗的權力，能夠致人於死地的緣故，而現代國家藉新的技術運用權力，使法律成為調節人的生命、管制人的生命之統治機器。現代社會為知識與權力形塑的規訓社會。法律的萎縮與規訓的膨脹正是現代社會的特徵。其原因為法律無法應付日益複雜的社會結構之改變，以及權力之毛細化作用，滲入社會的各層各界，亦即法律符碼化（條規化）之表徵。與此相反規訓機制擴大，統治機關之膨脹加大，造成法律對真實權力只有化妝與掩蓋的作用。事實上，現代的權力機關其權力運作傾向於規範化、標準化，法律只成為統治、管制、監視的外表。在此情形下社會的發展有排除法律的跡象，這種主張雖與馬克思、恩格斯未來共產主義社會法律的消亡頗為接近，卻與當代主流派思想家（韋伯、朴蘭查、德我金等）之看法相左。本文後段指出福科法律觀的瑕疵與其見解的侷限。最後兼述他的法律觀之影響，其中至少有助於管制社會學之拓展，值得吾人注目。

關鍵字

考古學與系譜學的方法 ； 法律 ； 規訓 ； 統治 ； 權力毛細化 ； 管制 ； 法律化 ； 標準化 ； 現代性

並列摘要

This article deals with Foucault's idea of modern law and its relevance to contemporary western society. He reinterpreted traditional European history, culture and philosophy by his specific methods derived from intellectual archeology and Nietsche's genealogy. He pointed out the close relationship between legal discourse and political power that for him criminal law represented the symbol of the absolutist monarch. The establishment of the prison demonstrated the confinement of the body of the criminals or dissidents replaces the capital punishment evolved into the control and manipulation of the mind of the incarcerated. Thus legal punishment paved way for spiritual discipline. Modern Western society is a structurally complicated society which is characterized by the linkage of knowledge to power. The decline of the law in such a society is evident as power is wide spread and diffused. He claimed that the disciplines supplant and even replace law as a primary mode of government. He counterposed law to regulations and initiated a new concept of ”governmentality”-the emergence of new and distinctive mentalities of government. Foucault's inadequate distinction of sovereignty and rights between monarchical and liberal states led him to criticize modern constitutionalism . This also made him to equate law to absolutism as well as to narrow down law as criminal law. These theoretical deficiencies are discussed in the later part of this treatise. However, his conception of law and its relevance to modern politics and society is a conspicuous contribution to the further exploration of a sociology of law as governance.

並列關鍵字

archeological and genealogical methods ； Discourse ； discursive formation ； law and discipline ； Government ； governance and governmentality ； Juridification ； power/knowledge ； capillary power ； normalization, moderni