地域社會與森林：傳統與現代

Local Community and Forest-Continuity and Change from Pre-Modern to Modern Society

森正夫(Mori Masao) ； 林世偉(Shih-Wei Lin)

《人文研究期刊》 9期 (2011/12) Pp. 1-38

https://doi.org/10.29521/JHR.201112.0001

摘要

在現代的森林之中，存在著有關維護地球環境、繼續生產木材等，一些對人類不可或缺的課題。在中國，擔負著擁有和經營森林的地域社會住民是如何對待這些課題？我將在演講中，以富有森林資源的福建省為例，從歷史的角度來探討這一問題。這是演講題目之所以為〈地域社會與森林〉的理由。當1950年代初期，也就是中國全土展開山林改革的前夕，在福建省西北部諸縣，存在著帶有「族有林」、「公祭山林」、「風景林」、「風水林」和「後龍山」等多樣稱呼的地域社會之共有林，以及尤為明清時代所發達的私有林。2008年以來，中國政府再次實施被稱為「新集體林權制度改革」的森林經營改革，積極推動林地承包制。今天社會主義制度之下，中國的森林仍然是以行政村為中心的集團所有之對象；但是，在另一方面，為了維護環境而制定的「生態公益林」則實質上繼承「風景林」、「風水林」和「後龍山」等一系列的共有林概念。如果想到森林的所有、經營和耕地不同，而必須含有與周圍的森林及鄰近住民之間的連接關係，我認為森林的所有、經營上，在傳統與現代的課題之間存在著微妙而有趣的連接。我希望透過這場演講，為了解決超越社會制度的差異而具有國際共通性的21世紀有關森林以及阿里山林業開發再經百年之課題，能夠找到啟發。

關鍵字

族有林 ； 風景林 ； 後龍山 ； 集體林權制度 ； 生態公益林

並列摘要

Even in higher civilization of today, the forest is playing an important role for human society as in traditional society, because of its crucial role in maintaining global environment or obtaining valuable timbers. But we must learn how inhabitants of local communities of pre-modern China had attempted to maintain the resources and environment of the forest belonged to their village. In this speech, I would like to examine this subject from some historical perspectives, dealing mainly with the case of communities in Fujian Province, which had so much rich forest resources.On the eve of the execution of the Forest Reform Policy applied for the entire China in the beginning of 1950s, there were many local communities in Fujian Province which had the common forest, called various names such as ”the Forest of the same family” （族有林）, ”the Forest for the Ceremony” （公祭林）, ”the Forest for the Landscape” （風景林）, ”the Forest for the Feng-Shui” （風水林）,or ”the Forest and the Grove of Village” （後龍山）, along with the forest of private ownership, a practice developed in the Ming and Qing period. As the new forest reform policy launched since 2008, which strongly insisted to introduce the personal contractual system, is called ”The New Reform of Collective-owned Forest Property Rights”, the forests on China under the socialism system are basically owned by village governments. But there is also a kind of forest reserved for environmental conservation, ”the Ecological Forest for Public Interest”, and it inherited its idea from the ideas of traditional common forest, such as ”the Forest for the Landscape”, ”the Forest for the Feng-Shui”, or ”the Forest and the Grove of Village”. I think that the contemporary forest policy in China probably have many common features with the practice of pre-modern Chinese villagers about ownership and management of the forest. I would especially like to emphasize a continuity of the distinction between the farmland and the forest concerning ownership. For using and maintaining the forest, the inhabitants of villages always needed the confirmations of other inhabitants who owed nearby land, and their various rights to forest were so complicated that there had been no way to apply the modern concept of private ownership to them. That situation is not basically changed now.I hope that this speech will suggest something useful to the efforts, attempted by many institutions, corporations, and individuals around the world, to solve the serious ecological problems including the next hundred years of Alishan forestry we now face, many of which are made by bad usage of forest.

並列關鍵字

"The forest of the same family"（族有林） ； "The Forest for the Landscape"（風景林） ； "The forest and the Grove of Village"（後龍山） ； "Collective-owned Forest Property Rights"（集体林権制度） ； "The Ecological Forest for Public Interest"（生態公益林）