Accurate knowledge of pavement layer thickness can provide important information to determine the quality of newly constructed pavements, and to estimate the remaining service life of pavements. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of current technologies for determining pavement layer thickness. However, the estimation of the thickness of very thin pavement layers is not satisfied by the use of commercial impulse GPR. Hence, a thickness measurement approach for very thin layer of multilayered pavement structures is introduced. The technique presented in the present work is based on the evaluation of the instantaneous bandwidth of GPR receiving signals by means of S-transform. One unique feature of the current technique is that it only requires common impulse GPR system operated at relatively low frequency. The algorithms were tested on simulation as well as experimental data. Specific challenges on dispersion effect in dissipative media and random noise effects were also discussed and addressed.