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臺灣中南部山坡地土壤沖蝕指數之時間與空間變化

Variability of soil erodibility with time and its spatial distribution in central southern Taiwan

摘要


鑒於臺灣目前所參考之土壤沖蝕性指數乃於30餘年前建立,距今已久遠,加上近年來,氣候變遷引起諸多嚴重坡地災害,同時,近年山坡地過度開發且土地利用變化差異甚大,顯示土壤沖蝕指數(soil erodibility, K factor)極具重新建立與評估之必要性。本研究主要於嘉義縣、雲林縣、彰化縣、南投縣及台中市的山坡地範圍內(100 m-1000 m),於各縣市選取最具代表性之30個基標土系(benchmark soil series),建立該地區K值之數值與繪製空間等值分佈圖。本研究採Wischmeier et al.(1978)公式計算各縣市山坡地基標土系之K值,並以克利金模式(Kriging interpolation model)推估繪製空間分布等值圖,以提供水土保持相關從業人員之參考。同時,本研究評估自萬鑫森與黃俊義(1989)建立之K值至今,變異較大的區域的主因。研究結果顯示,台中市山坡地K值為0.015-0.063 t.ha.yr.ha^(-1).MJ^(-1).mm^(-1),南投縣山坡地K值為0.010-0.075 t.ha.yr.ha^(-1).MJ^(-1).mm^(-1),彰化縣山坡地K值為0.0072-0.067 t.ha.yr.ha^(-1).MJ^(-1).mm^(-1),雲林縣山坡地K值為0.0023-0.083 t.ha.yr.ha^(-1).MJ^(-1).mm^(-1),嘉義縣山坡地K值為0.0011-0.084 t.ha.yr.ha^(-1).MJ^(-1).mm^(-1),結果指出以嘉義縣山坡地土壤沖蝕潛勢最高,但彰化縣之山坡地土壤沖蝕指數變異最大。本研究調查之臺灣中部山坡地K值分佈與1989年建立之K值分佈局部區域具有顯著差異,對照不同年份之前後土地利用圖層顯示,土壤沖蝕指數增加主要為長期果樹栽植、長期維持旱田運作、竹林與廢棄果園至荒地所致。

並列摘要


Soil erodibility factor (the K factor) should be re-established because soil properties have been probably obviously influenced by climate change and over developed of slopelands in recent years in Taiwan. The old K factor developed by Wann and Huang (1989) used in Taiwan might not be suitable longer because it has already established thirty years at least. This study selected 30 benchmark soil series in slopelands (100 m- 1000 m) for each city (Taichung, Nantou, Changhua, Yunlin and Chiayi) in central and southern Taiwan to analyze surface soil properties and calculated the K factors (based on Wischmeier et al. (1978)) and its spatial distribution. The results revealed that the K factors were 0.015-0.063 t.ha.yr.ha^(-1).MJ^(-1).mm^(-1) in Taichung, 0.010-0.075 t.ha.yr.ha^(-1).MJ^(-1).mm^(-1) in Nantou, 0.0072- 0.067 t.ha.yr.ha^(-1).MJ^(-1).mm^(-1) in Changhua, 0.0023-0.083 t.ha.yr.ha^(-1).MJ^(-1).mm^(-1) in Yunlin, and 0.0011- 0.084 t.ha.yr.ha^(-1).MJ^(-1).mm^(-1) in Chiayi. Comparing with the results from Wann and Huang (1989), new K factors obviously significantly changed with time, which might be attributed to obvious disturbance of surface soils by long-term influencing of land uses including poor management of fruit yards and dry farmlands.

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