詞彙語義的原型義項效應－以多義詞義項之語義網絡組構為例

The Prototype Semantic Effect of Lexical Semantics - Taking the Semantic Network of Senses in Polysemous Verb as an Example

歐德芬(Te-Fen Ou)

《中原華語文學報》 21期 (2021/04) Pp. 41-84

摘要

詞素（morpheme）是語言中最小的意義單位，亦為組構詞彙的成分。以漢語而言，若詞彙是單詞，則單詞的義項（sense）即為詞素。漢語中的高頻單詞常具有一詞多義的現象，一詞多義即指單一詞彙存在不同的多個義項，例如：單詞動詞「看」即有七個既具關聯性又具區別性的義項：「觀看」義（含微義項「閱讀」義及「觀賞」義）、「探望」義（含微義項「察看」義）、「診治」義、「觀察」義（含微義項「觀察…而定」義）、「見」義、「取決於」義及「認為」義，其中「觀看」義為原型義項（歐德芬，2013，2014）。前人之多義詞義項研究多繪出由原型義項衍生而出之輻射結構語義網絡（semantic network），不過語義網絡中義項延伸之依據及其間之語義距離多無具體分析。本文應用認知語言學的原型效應進行多義詞義項的行為概述（Behavioral Profile）分析，並以「看」義項的行為概述表現組構其語義網絡，亦即從「看」義項的語義角色及句法行為，探索「看」義項間之原型效應、模糊邊界及其相近性。經由「看」義項的行為概述分析，本文推究其七個義項間的距離不盡相同，並據以組構「看」以原型義項延伸、且不為傳統輻射狀之語義網絡。研究結果亦顯示，從「看」義項之行為概述表現，得知其語義及句法結構皆呈現模糊邊界、家族相似性、連綿性等認知概念結構。基於原型效應組構之多義詞義項語義網絡，展現出多義詞不同義項和原型義項的認知距離，對於利用詞素進行詞義分析與詞彙擴展之詞素教學法，以及對於不同級別華語教材編纂之前期工程，皆具有重要參考價值。

關鍵字

多義詞 ； 詞素 ； 義項 ； 語義網絡 ； 原型效應

並列摘要

Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language, and it is also a component of constructing vocabulary. In Chinese, if a word consists of only one character, the sense of the word is the morpheme. Polysemy refers to a grouping of related but distinct senses of a single lexical item, and high-frequency words often posesse polysemy in Mandarin. For example, the Chinese polysemous verb ＂看/kan＂ has seven related and distinct senses, including ＂watch＂, ＂visit＂, ＂ diagnose＂, ＂observe＂, ＂see＂, ＂depend on＂ and ＂think＂, among which ＂watch＂ is the prototype sense( 歐德芬,2013, 2014) . Previous studies usually depicted radiated semantic networks out of prototype sense of polysemy, however there is no specific analysis of the extension in the semantic network between protopype sense and other senses. This paper utilizes the prototype effect of Cognitive linguistics to analyze the radiated semantic networks out of prototype sense of polysemy with behavioral profile. Taking the Chinese polysemous verb ＂看/kan＂ as an example, through behavioral profiles of its prototype sense and other six senses, this research construct a radiated semantic networks from prototype sense of polysemy without even distance of each sense, namely which is not a traditional radiated semantic networks. Furthermore, within behavioral profiles of prototype sense and other six senses of ＂看/kan＂, their semantic and syntactic structures all exhibit cognitive concepts such as fuzzy boundaries, family resemblance, and continuity. This paper employs a cognitive framework to explore the radiated semantic network of the senses of＂看/kan＂, and the results can contribute to in class instruction of sememe-based teaching of word meanings as well as teaching materials compilation.

並列關鍵字

polysemy ； morpheme ； sense ； semantic network ； prototype effect

參考文獻

Croft, William and Cruse, Alan.（2004）. Cognitive linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cruse, Alan.（2000）. Meaning in language. New York: Oxford University Press.

Dowty, David R.（1991）. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language, 67, 547-619.

Evans, Vyvyan.（2005）. The meaning of time: Polysemy, the lexicon, and conceptual structure. Journal of Linguistics, 41, 33-75.

Fillmore, Charles J.（1968）. The case for case. In E. Bach & R. Harms （Eds.）, Universals in linguistic theory （pp. 1-88）. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.