「養生」－明代文人的休閒生活

"Preservation of Being Healthy"-Leisure Life of Scholars in Ming Dynasty

蕭慧媛(Huei-Yuan Shiao)

《南亞學報》 31期 (2011/12) Pp. 495-514

https://doi.org/10.6989/JN.201112.0495

摘要

傳統中國對於養生大多相當重視，因為關係著生命的延續與開展，同時對養生之道，也因時代而有不同的解讀與看法。明人因有強烈的尊生觀念，對於養生格外重視。強調「不違自然，順天而行」，以及養生必須在「舒適」與「合適」的氛圍中，兼顧「適性」。明人養生雖受儒釋道的影響，卻不只停留在道德鍛鍊的層面，而是透過實踐以祛病強身、延年益壽的實用考量。以高濂而言，除重視「起居」、「飲食」更認為「燕閒清賞」可以養性，可以悅心，也可以怡生安壽。更令人玩味的是明人養生場域不限定在特定空間，而是擴及所有日常生活場所，只要一有空閒即可在生活中行樂、頤養。明人還主張人的生命與自然變化有關，強調「四時養攝」。也就是說明人的養生，既不受時空影響，也不是只專注身體的鍛鍊及飲食的規範，也重視「養性悅心」。明人養生「養身」與「養心」兩者並重，「養身」著重生活上飲食作息的調整，是實質的行動；而「養心」則是使生活中充滿趣味、愉悅、淡然的感受。不論哪種模式養生，都不離「閒心」、「閒身」的基本原則，希望達到身心平和，以延其生。日出而作的民族沒有休閒理論，也不能高唱休閒養生，但從明人精心規劃的養生方式；從簡單易行到繁複至極，明人皆能悠遊其中，追求自我愉悅的模式，則呈現明人的養生不只是養生，而是以傳統養生為規則，以現代休閒的方式對待生命。是以今人眼光視之，與其說是養生延年更像某種形式的休閒。本文嘗試從明人文集、筆記小說等史料中，歸納、闡明明人如何在休閒中，實踐養生理論與榮養生命的活動，呈現明人以養生為休閒的態度。

關鍵字

明代 ； 養生 ； 休閒

並列摘要

It is one of Chinese traditions that lots of people have been valuing highly in how to keep healthy in every dynasty. People in different dynasties have dissimilar understandings in how to operate it well because it is related with development and lasting posterity. According to this point of view, People in Ming Dynasty paid high attention in preserving good health. Besides, they focused on the ways of keeping healthy with the atmosphere of being comfortable, suitable and proper with human nature. Most important of all, they had to do it without resisting Natural Law.Although Scholars in Ming Dynasty were influenced strongly by the three teachings of Chinese philosophy: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, they operated the ways that could keeping healthy not only in moral standard, but also in physical aspect in order to live healthily and being longevous by practicing it day by day. Taking Kao Lian (高濂) for example, he attached importance to keep healthy not just on the aspects of keeping proper living and dining habits, but also believed that doing leisure activities could maintian resting of mind to attain spiritual tranquality. One of the most interesting points is that Scholars in Ming Dynasty did not limit the space of practicing the ways of keeping healthy. It also means that they did the methods of keeping healthy both in physical and mental aspects everywhere and anytime as long as they were able to do so. Besides, they brought up the idea that human's life and health are related to the moving circle of Nature, so we have to conform our life to the Nature Law. On the other word, Scholars in Ming Dynasty operate their methods of keeping healthy without any limitation of time or space. They focused on many aspects such as living and dining habits and the mental tranquality as well.From here we can know that Scholars in Ming Dynasty valued and practiced living healthily both in physical and paschal aspect of daily life. Based on the original principals, they tried to keep the balance of tranquility in their body and soul. No matter in the simple or complicated methods of keeping healthy, it can be said that they enjoyed it very much. Even we may suppose that the way they did for keeping healthy is like the similar way we do nowadays for enjoyment and relaxation. Therefore, the ways that Scholars in Ming Dynasty did for the sake of keeping health is in fact much more like some kind of leisure activities. This article is tried to present that with the attitude of leisure, people in Ming Dynasty practiced their theory of keeping healthy both in body and psyche in their daily life by collecting and generalizing the historical texts of Ming Dynasty.