歷史敘述與自我詮辯－「貳臣」張縉彥鼎革出處的辨析與意涵

Historical Narrative and Self Defense: Discrimination and Implication of the Rebellious Retainer-Zhang Jinyan's Advance and Retreat Decision under the Regime Change

王學玲(Hsueh-ling Wang)

《東亞觀念史集刊》 12期 (2017/06) Pp. 87-123

https://doi.org/10.29425/JHIEA.201706_12.0004

摘要

明清易鼎，天崩地坼，士人殉死不降多令人動容；反之，貳臣進退失據經常受到非議。本文所論之張縉彥（1599－1670），以明季朝臣身分迎降李自成，繼之投效南明福王，終而歸順大清。弘光朝列張縉彥入「從逆諸臣」的第一等罪，《清史列傳》評之為貳臣，張縉彥則在詩文中，反覆剖明心志，形成歷史敘述與自我詮辯的極大歧異。張氏在易鼎之際的曲折出處經歷，與不斷詮辯自我的現象，說明清初貳臣群體同中有異，其中由弘光朝議處的「從逆諸臣」，就是特殊的一群。本文集中論述張縉彥在甲申都城破日與逃離北京後的遭遇、作為，重讀清初史冊、筆記與張縉彥的詩文奏疏，仔細比對其中描寫張縉彥鼎革出處的歧異內容。由此辨析歷史敘述的虛實成分、張縉彥自我詮辯是否具有効力，從而闡明此一歧異所具有的特殊意涵。其一，作為多重失節的文人，張縉彥等人大多重新編織、發明自己曾經殉而未死的過去，藉以擺脫心底的悔愧，展示重構的自我形象與存在意義。其二，張縉彥等人將自己的生命故事形諸文字，形成有別於他人的詮說話語，以期用「貳臣」之外的面目，公諸於人，流傳後世。以上二點，可說是自辯書寫對於張縉彥等貳臣的意義所在。最後，面對明清易代文人的自我詮辯與歷史敘述有所歧異，我們應該謹慎辨析，從而發掘其間的疑點與矛盾，並以結合歷史情境與個人生命的動態考察，抉發書寫主體深藏於論述裡的幽隱心事及其轉變。

關鍵字

歷史敘述 ； 自我詮辯 ； 悔愧書寫 ； 復讎論述 ； 張縉彥

並列摘要

By reexamining the historical books and records in the early Qing period, and the poetic memorials to the king of Zhang Jinyan, this text focuses on his experiences and achievements after Jia-Shen defection and his exile from Beijing, and compares the differences between the writings of his own and the others. Through analyzing the authentic and the unreal parts in historical narrative, it probes into the efficacy of Zhang's self-defense, and goes to a step further illuminating the implications of the differences between the two kinds of narrative. First, Zhang and others, as rebellious retainers, always tried to recompile, made up and devised their unsuccessful suicide experience in the past, in order to get rid of their regrets, re-construct their self-images and verify the value of their existence. Second, By writing their life stories with their own words, Zhang and others provided different identities and self-images than ＂rebellious retainer＂ and presents interpretations distinct from the others which is anticipated to be passed down to the next descendants. By doing so, the implications and significances of the self-apology writings of the rebellious retainers are accordingly revealed. In conclusion, it is important for the researchers to be punctilious and scrupulous about the contradictions and differences between the historical accounts by others and the writings of self-defenses by Zhang. By taking the historical circumstances and personal development into consideration, it is able to unveil the intentions, implications and transformation in Zhang's self-description.

並列關鍵字

historical narrative ； self-interpretation ； Zhang Jinyan ； remorse and guilty writings ； revenge discourse

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