歷代張籍評論之批評視域與詮釋議題探討

張籍以樂府歌行享譽中唐詩壇。並以「流蕩之歌行」，廁身「元和體」之林，成為時人學習對象。晚唐張為、南唐張洎對於張籍之體派關係所作的紀錄，啟發後世論者注意張籍之律詩作品；明、清論者更進一步討論到「晚唐律詩兩派」之歸屬。清李懷民《重訂中晚唐詩主客圖》，稱量貞元以後近體詩，確認為兩派：一派為張水部、一派為賈長江。張籍歷史地位，已達高峰。兩宋文人對張籍詩展開細密闡析，同時也逐漸使張籍樂府詩成為樂府之「經典」。「摘句批評」雖非宋人所創，然而，如葛立方、曾季貍、黃徹、尤袤、許顗均在詩話著作中摘取相當數量之詩句，作為論斷依據。此種批評方式亦行之於張籍，對明清詩話作者，頗有啟發。明清以來，論詩方法更多，心胸更為開闊。前代評論張籍之議題，皆被反覆參研；論述規模、論析方式更為圓熟深化。總體而言，論者對批評議題之開發，委實功不可沒。明清對於〈節婦吟〉之批評，關涉到的詮釋議題涵蓋「節婦」、「代言」、「比興」、「文本誤讀與歧義」、「倫理焦慮」等等，多從明清論者而來。一首詩能長期受到論者注目，而且引發不同面向之討論，也是張籍詩高度成就之明證。

關鍵字

張籍；張司業集；張王樂府；元和體；節婦吟

並列摘要

Zhang Ji was renowned for his yuefu poetry among mid-Tang poets. Because of his fluent and uninhibited yuefu poems, Zhang contributed to the Yuanhe Style and was emulated by his contemporaries. The records of Zhang's style and school compiled by Zhang Wei in the late Tang and by Zhang Ji in the Southern Tang dynasties drew later critics' attention to Zhang's lüshi; Ming and Qing critics further discussed the division of the two schools of late Tang lüshi. In his ＂General View of the Major and Minor Poets in Mid- and Late Tang＂, ＂Revised Edition＂, Li Huai-Min of the Qing dynasty examined the jintishi (i.e., regulated verses) written after the Zhenyuan period and identified two schools of poets: one is represented by Zhang Ji, and the other is represented by Jia Dao. At this point, Zhang Ji's position in history had already reached its zenith. Literati in the Northern and Southern Song dynasties analyzed Zhang Ji's poems in detail and determined that Zhang's yuefu poems were classics of yuefu poetry. Although the method of extracting verse lines for criticism was not invented by Song critics, critics such as Ge Li-Fang, Zeng Ji-Li, Huang Che, You Mao, and Xu Yi have extracted a considerable amount of verse lines as supporting material for their evaluations of poetry. This method of criticism was also applied to Zhang Ji's works, which greatly inspired the critics in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Since the Ming and Qing periods, poetry criticism has become increasingly tolerant and diversified. Topics relating to Zhang Ji that had been discussed during previous dynasties have been reexamined; critical discourse has increased in scope and diversity. Overall, critics had contributed tremendously to developing critical issues. Criticisms and interpretations of ＂Jie fu yin＂ (Song of the Virtuous Wife) address issues such as virtuous widows, speaking on behalf of others, analogies and metaphors, textual misreading and ambiguity, and ethical uncertainty, which are mostly derived from Ming and Qing critics. Zhang Ji's poetic achievements are demonstrated by the fact that ＂Jie fu yin,＂ one of his poems, has attracted critical attention and initiated multifaceted discussions over prolonged period.