比喻義、比喻詞語與辭典釋義－從提示詞「比喻」誤用談起

Meanings, Vocabularies, and Mistaken Explanations of Some Analogies in the Dictionaries

陳瑤玲(Yao-ling, Chen)

《靜宜中文學報》 17期 (2020/06) Pp. 1-30

摘要

辭典詞義解釋時援引提示詞「比喻」常有誤用的情形，反映出詞義是否為比喻義並不容易判斷，這當中包含了許多因素，可以討論的面向也不少。本文先就辭典釋義比較容易誤用的兩大方向加以探討：1、比喻義性質的確認，尤其是與借代義之間的差異。2、比喻造詞所造的各類詞語的詞義屬性，是否為比喻義。首先，釐清比喻義的特點及與借代義之間的差別，從比喻義產生的途徑，提出比喻義較具體、可操作的辨識途徑。並以此檢視辭典中此類型詞語釋義狀況，除舉出提示詞「比喻」誤用的詞語外，也兼及比喻釋義與書證、句例使用上的一些問題。其次，詞彙中比喻造詞所造的詞語其詞義不盡然是比喻義，但因使用了比喻修辭的關係，辭典釋義也往往誤判為比喻義。本文以比喻詞語作為觀察對象，區分比喻詞語的類型，並就不同類型的比喻詞語分析其詞義是否為比喻義。我們認為只有借喻型的詞語才有比喻義，略喻、明喻型詞語的比喻行為於結構內部完成，比喻義屬於語素，詞義並不是比喻義。其中後喻式的略喻型詞語的語義中心所在，歷來學者有不同意見，我們認為這類型詞語並非「逆序定中」結構，其語義中心仍是喻體的後語素。

關鍵字

比喻義 ； 比喻造詞 ； 辭典釋義

並列摘要

Frequently mistaken explanations of vocabularies concerning analogies in the dictionaries reveal difficulties in comprehending these terms. As a complicated issue, there are many factors involved and several approaches can be applied in dealing with this confusion. This article will focus on the Edited Chinese Dictionary published by the Ministry of Education of Taiwan, to discuss the following two popular mistakes found in the dictionary in question. First, I will verify the nature of the meanings of analogies. In particular, I will clarify the usage of synecdoche from others. Then I will explore further if all the terms derived from analogies are nouns exclusively as stated in the dictionary. First of all, by recognizing different characteristics of synecdoche and other major analogies, distinct and operable procedures can be identifies in each type of analogy. Then, examples cited in the Edited Chinese Dictionary published by the Ministry of Education of Taiwan will be examined according to the characters and procedures described above and comments will be made on some common mistakes regarding indicators, explanations, references to books and examples listed in the dictionary. Second of all, not all the derived terms from analogies are nouns as commonly mistaken in the dictionary. After analyzing and categorizing them into different patterns, it is clear that not all derived terms are nouns. As opposed to the synecdoche which is always a noun, both similes and metaphors work structurally. Therefore, the resulted similes and metaphors are morphemes rather than nouns. Furthermore, this study helps clarify the controversy of the center of the postfigurative metaphors to be the postmorpheme rather than the ＂reversal of adjectives and nouns＂ structure.

並列關鍵字

meanings of analogies ； derived terms of analogies ； explanations in the dictionary

參考文獻

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