漢語身體動詞義素分析－以「眼、口、手、足」語義子場為例

身體動作詞是動詞中最為基礎的部分。漢語身體動詞「同義」、「近義」現象十分常見，其中語義仍有細微的差別。傳統詞典概括性的釋義方式難以使人辨析同義、近義詞之間語義差異所在，釋義相同者又散見各處，無法使人掌握其中系統脈絡。本文運用現代語義學「語義場」及「義素分析」理論方法，試圖為身體部位眼、口、手、足四類常見動詞的詞項義位作出義素（sememes）分析，一來藉由語義子場的外部歸納呈現身體動詞語義系統遠近關係，二來深入詞彙內部找出不同詞語「共同性」及「區別性」的義素特徵，以展現漢語身體動詞概念分類之細膩，進而達到詞彙教學辨明詞義的目的。

關鍵字

漢語；動詞；身體；義素；語義場

並列摘要

The physical action verb is the most basic Chinese verb. Chinese body verb ”synonymous”, ”near-synonyms” phenomenon is very common, but the semantics are still slightly different. Traditional dictionary explanation of word meanings makes it difficult to discriminate the semantic differences between synonyms and interpretation of the same words are scattered everywhere, making it difficult to grasp the definitions. This article uses the modern semantics of ”semantic field” and ”sememe analysis theory”, attempting to analyze the body verbs of semantic components, including the eyes, mouth, hand, and foot. Summarized by the semantic sub-field, and showing the internal relations of the lexical semantic system, we can find the semantic element characteristics. Classification of the physical concept of verb detail makes the semantic representation clearer, and helps explain the general meaning of a word assisting in the identification of chinese vocabulary.