戰國游士的武德精神

游士大興於戰國時期，能文能武，出謀獻策具重名好義武德精神的特質，為戰國時期權臣貴族所重用。游士先有春秋時代的游俠而蛻變，隨著奴隸制的瓦解和封建制的興起，士乃逐漸崛起；士的階層都屬於武士階層，到了春秋時期各國爭霸，社會分崩離析，社會階層又得到重新調整，士乃文武分途；因貴族在政治鬥爭中，索士需求，一批懷有特異才能的游士，被標識著養士風氣的開始。戰國時期游士的興起乃因工商發達，人口湧向大城市為興起有利的社會條件；加上貴族鬥爭，拉攏人才，以增加勢力；戰國時期國君養賢，為國求才，蔚為養士風氣之盛，所以，游士是陪臣執國命的各行家、政治濃厚的懷才者及智德兼備的學識者。游士的精神特徵在於游士受過良好的教育，智德兼備，具有赴火蹈刃扶弱抑強、輕生死講義氣、重智取及出謀獻策的特質，為執政者謀求統一事業，憑其才智成為政治、軍事家，深受社會敬重。本研究採歷史研究法，主要目的在探討游士的武德精神傳承著夏商周三代的禮樂文化，保有游士倫理，因具有重名好義、以德服人、冒險犯難、文娛宴樂特性，而能流傳千載綿延不斷，這種倫常規範對一個大民族文化的延續有一定的價值存在，現今又重新發揚，對兩岸的中國人來說，具有深厚的歷史傳承意義。

關鍵字

戰國；游士；武德

並列摘要

Free-lancing scholars-strategists flourished during the Warring States period; capable of wielding both the pen and the sword, they were characterized by the spirit of martial virtue of attaching much importance to reputation and justice and were highly regarded by powerful courtiers and the aristocracy of the Warring States period for offering strategic counsel. The free-lancing scholars-strategists were transformed from the knights-errant of the Spring and Autumn Era, With the collapse of the slavery and the rise of feudalism, there gradually arose the class of scholars, who also belonged in the class of soldiers. With the advent of the Spring and Autumn Era, every state strived for hegemony; therefore, society fell victim to collapse and dissolution, and social classes were subjected to readjustment. As a result, scholars and soldiers went their seperate ways. Because of the demand for scholars by aristocrats in their political struggle, a group of free-lancing scholars-strategists, endowed with exceptional talent, came into their own, which marked the beginning of the prevalent practice of raising hanger-on scholars. During the Warring States period, the rise of free-lancing scholars-strategists was due to the prosperous development of Industry and commerce; the surge of population to big cities was a societal condition favorable to the rise, Moreover, in their political struggle aristocrats tried to win the support of talented people to increase their own influence; rulers of states in the Warring states period raised a stable of capable people by seeking talent for the sake of their states, thus fostering the prevalent practice of raising hanger-on scholars. Therefore, free-lancing scholars-strategists became courtiers who were experts in executing the missions of the state, and politically ambitious talent, as well as intellectually and morally endowed scholars. The spiritual features of the free-lancing scholar-strategists lie in the following: they were well-educated, intellectually and morally endowed, and characterized by their going through fire and water to help the underdog fight the topdog, their making light of life and death but attaching importance to justice, and their laying stress on outsmarting the enemy by offering strategic counsel. In their attempt to help rulers of states with the cause of unifying their kingdom, they relied on their talent to become statesmen and military strategists profoundly revered by society. The historical method of research is adopted in this paper, the main purpose of which is to inquire Into the fact: the martial spirit of free-lancing scholars-strategists Inherited the culture of the Shah, Shang, and Chou periods that emphasized manners and music, and retained the ethic of free-lancing scholars-strategists; because of its features of attaching importance to reputation and justice, impressing people with their virtue, going through fire and water, combining literary interest with convivial entertainment, the spirit of martial virtue has been handed down from generation to generation ceaselessly for thousands of years, This sort of ethical norm has its definite value for the continuation of a great national culture; nowadays its redevelopment is profoundly significant for the historical legacy and continuity of the Chinese people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.