《史記》政治書寫管窺－以漢初開國武將列傳為例

A Shallow Understanding of Political Writing of Shi Ji-An Analysis of Generals Biography of Han Dynasty First Year

諸葛俊元(Chun-Yuan Chuke)

《慈濟通識教育學刊》 8期 (2013/04) Pp. 143-171

https://doi.org/10.6755/TCJGE.201304_(8).0007

摘要

《史記》對後世研究先秦迄漢初政經社會諸方面課題者可說極為重要，後世讀者亦多咸信司馬遷為良史，真實地記錄下漢武帝之前重要的歷史人物與事件。然而，司馬遷自言撰作《史記》乃「亦欲以究天人之際，通古今之變，成一家之言。」卻讓後世學者對《史記》內容多所揣測，認為《史記》不僅是一部偉大的史書，更是一部記載著司馬遷獨特思想的經典。在《史記》之前，孔子依據《魯春秋》筆削而成的《春秋》，呈現了孔子的政治理念。司馬遷於《史記．太史公自序》中一再申述孔子作《春秋》的用心時，便顯示出修《史記》以接續孔子志業的用心。然而，《史記》的卷帙遠較《春秋》浩繁，所橫跨之年代亦較《春秋》為長，想暸解司馬遷於文中所隱涵的諸種理念，若只以《史記》每卷末的「太史公曰」以及〈太史公自序〉當中的全書提要作為討論依據，恐怕並不能充份呈現司馬遷所欲傳達之理念。本文的目的，便是企圖透過《史記》對人物的擇取及相關事跡的汰裁過程，進一步理解其背後所隱藏的政治理念，以便對《史記》的「一家之言」有著更深刻的理解。因此本文擇取曹參、周勃、韓信、盧綰、樊噲、酈商、夏侯嬰、灌嬰、傅寬、靳歙及周緤緤緤一緤有傳之武緤為研究對緤，並緤及僅能緤傳於緤人傳記中或無傳之武緤，分析司馬遷的撰作模式與取材標準，就其共通性呈現司馬遷於傳記背後所欲表達之理念。

關鍵字

《史記》 ； 司馬遷 ； 太史公 ； 政治書寫

並列摘要

”Shi Ji” (《史記》)is an important history book , there are many data to studies of ancient Chinese political, economic and social. Scholars believe that Sima Qian(司馬遷) was an outstanding historian, recorded the number of important historical people and historical events. However, the ”Shi Ji” is not just a history book, but also record the political theory of Sima Qian.Before ”Shi Ji”, the ”Chun Qiu”(《春秋》) records the political thought of Confucius. Therefore, Sima Qian inherited the work of Confucius. However, ”Shi Ji” records the age is very long. Readers are difficult to understand the political thinking of Sima Qian. Researchers can find the answer from the Sima Qian's preface or Tai Shi Gong's commentary(太 史公曰), may not be the complete answer.How the ”Shi Ji” to choose a historical person or a historical event? If we can know the answer, perhaps we can understand the political thinking of Sima Qian. This paper analyzes the generals biography of Han Dynasty first year, to understand ”Shi Ji” how to choose, and Sima Qian's political theory.

並列關鍵字

Shi Ji ； Sima Qian ； Tai Shi Gong ； Political writing