從《夷堅志》中看民眾的神像經驗

The Experience of the Deity Images in Yi-Jian-Zhi

張忠良(Chung-Liang Chang)

《清雲學報》 31卷4期 (2011/10) Pp. 61-81

https://doi.org/10.7049/JCYU.201110.0061

摘要

本文探討南宋洪邁《夷堅志》中有關民眾和神像間的關係，其中討論的議題有神像的類型及成像、設置神像的目的、人與神像間的互動，以及民眾對神像的理解和認知等，藉以探究庶民生活中所反映的宗教意識和祭祀心理。總結資料所示，民眾設置神像的目的，最常見的是祈福求願，這是庶民信仰生活中最重要的意涵。其次，在人與神像間的互動現象上，常見的情況包括神像具有與人相同的身體經驗，且能透過託夢、杯珓、圓光、現身等方式和人進行溝通；再者，對造像的尊重保護與否，則可能遭致意想不到的福報與咎責，而少數神明卻會因為有所不足而乞求於人。在民眾對神像的認知和理解上，筆者歸納出具有靈力、人神交感及反射人性三點，發現人與神之間的互動和彼此觀照，其實正是人間社會種種關係和意義的投射。

關鍵字

夷堅志 ； 神像 ； 祠神信仰

並列摘要

In this study, the relationship between people and the image of deities in Yi-Jian-Zhi, written by Hong Mie in the South Sung Dynasty, was observed through aspects of religious function and experience. To explore the worship patterns and the religious consciousness reflected in folk people's everyday life, the following issues were discussed: typology of deity images, purposes of setting up statues of deities, people's interaction with the deity images they create as well as people's comprehension and recognition of deities.The results show that: 1. The most common purpose of setting up statue of deities is to pray for fortune and making wishes, which has greatest significance in folk religion. 2. As regards the interaction between people and deity images, we see that the latter was endowed with same bodily experiences as human being. deities communicate with people by dreams, jiaobei blocks, light and their apparition. Protection and respect toward deity images may be considered to cause unexpected fortune, otherwise punishment. However, some deities may appeal to people out of their own deficiencies, which reveals the potential contradictory characters projected by worshiper's mentality toward their deity images 3. On people's comprehension and recognition of deity images, three point are noticed, i.e. the supernatural power, communicability with people and their ”human nature”. The interaction between worshipers and their deity images is rather a reflecting process of human social relationships, interwove with both sacred and secular complex.

並列關鍵字

Yi-Jian-Zhi ； Deity Images ； Popular cults