當代排灣族頭目權威的建構：以土坂村Patjalinuk頭目家為例

The Construction of Contemporary Chiefly Authority of the Paiwan: A Case Study of Patjalinuk Chiefly House in Tjaubar Village

譚昌國(Chang-Kwo Tan)

《原住民自然人文期刊》 創刊號 (2009/09) Pp. 145-176

https://doi.org/10.29875/JNHEIP.200909.0005

摘要

社會學家韋伯將正當性權威分為法制型權威、傳統型權威、和卡里斯瑪（charisma）權威三種純粹類型；政治人類學者Balandier則認為在實際的民族誌材料中，三種類型可能都同時存在。筆者則強調任何一種權威的合法性都是社會的建構，也是歷史的產物。本文以東部排灣族土坂村Patjalinuk頭目家的「頭目登基典禮」作為民族誌材料，以韋伯的正當性權威的三個純粹類型作為分析的架構，討論這場儀式的社會與象徵過程，以及在當代土坂排灣族社會中，三種權威並存與互動的實況。筆者初步的結論傾向於將頭目的權威歸屬於傳統型，女巫師的權威屬於卡里斯瑪型，而當代行政官僚體系中的領袖與組織者為理性型。從歷史的脈絡來看，傳統與卡里斯瑪型的權威因為地方政治社群自日本殖民時期開始，即逐步被納入國家行政體系之中，而有削弱與式微的現象；相對地，行政官僚所代表的理性權威得到較大的支配性。因此在頭目登基典禮中，頭目和巫師權威的表現和展演，必須在理性權威所提供的規則和框架內進行。但是更深入民族誌的現實將會發現，對於任何一位排灣族領導人物權威的性質與運作的分析，韋伯的三個純粹類型必須做適當的修正調整。或許我們更需注意的，是這三種純粹類型的結合表現，以及三種類型之間的相互轉化。

關鍵字

排灣族 ； 頭目權威 ； 法制型權威 ； 傳統型權威 ； 卡里斯瑪權威 ； 權威的建構與轉化

並列摘要

The sociologist Weber has classified legitimate authority into three pure types: legal authority, traditional authority, and charismatic authority. For political anthropologist Balandier, three pure types of legitimate authority can co-exist together in real ethnographic contexts. The author of this essay emphasizes the legitimacy of any kind of authority is a product of social construction and historical process. The main content of this essay is an ethnography of Inauguration Ceremony of the new chief of the Patjalinuk House in Tjaubar Village of Eastern Paiwan. By appropriating Weber’s theoretical framework, I analyze the social and symbolic process of this ceremony, and demonstrate the real situations which reveal the co-existence and interaction of three types of authority in contemporary Tjaubar society of the Paiwan.For a preliminary conclusion, I tend to ascribe chiefly authority to traditional type, the authority of female shamans to charismatic type, and the authority of leaders and organizers in contemporary bureaucratic system to legal type. From the perspective of history, traditional and charismatic authorities have undergone a process of weakening and decline since Japanese colonialism which incorporated local political community into the administrative system of the state; in contrast, the legal authority represented by administrative officials has gained greater dominance. Thus in the Inauguration Ceremony of the new chief, the expression and performance of the authorities of chiefs and shamans has to be undergone within the rules and framework provided by legal authorities. To explore further, however, we can find Weber’s theory has to be adjusted for ethnographic facts when we analyze the property and function of any Paiwan leader. Perhaps we should pay more attention to the articulation and mutual transformation of these three pure types of legitimate authority.

並列關鍵字

Paiwan People ； chiefly authority ； legal authority ； traditional authority ； charismatic authority ； construction and transformation of authorities