情與無情：道教出家制與謫凡敘述的情意識－兼論《紅樓夢》的抒情觀

Affection and Its Transcendence: The Idea of Affection in Taoist Conversion and Narration of Heavenly Banishment-With a Discussion on the Expression of Affection in "Dream of the Red Chamber"

李豐楙(Fong-Mao Lee)

《欲掩彌彰：中國歷史文化中的「私」與「情」─私情篇》 2003 (2003/09) Pp. 179-211

https://doi.org/10.29531/siqing.200309.0179

摘要

近代心理學者一再關注中國人的「人情」法則，就是私與情的糾葛，道教或佛教都以宗教的義理與實踐，試圖解脫這種情困的負擔。從道家到道教成功轉化這一思想，並經由出家制與謫凡神話，試從方外、從仙界反觀人間世，指明常世中常人的人情負擔，特別是男女之情，這是與佛教互有同異的。謫凡、下凡神話完全表現中國人的另類人生觀點，在定命論的宿命格局中觀察人與人、男與女的關係，解說其間所具有的命運關係、命緣關係。謫凡神話之運用於小說、戲劇，其所處理的情與無情雖是常世的人生，卻深刻指陳情的本質：情債為謫仙人的罪罰，了情即可回歸，這是報意識的運用，從唐人小說到《紅樓夢》，都可用以例證。從佛教角度都會注意空、幻的義理，而從道教的謫凡就可理解：人間的情劫是一種解罪，近於救贖的意義；而迷情以至悟情的「度脫」，則近於啟悟。由此可知謫凡神話具有宗教意識，類似《紅樓夢》的創作與風行，可證中國古典小說並不欠缺宗教義理。

關鍵字

謫凡 ； 度脫 ； 紅樓夢 ； 啟悟 ； 解罪

並列摘要

Feelings in interpersonal relations, particularly those concerning the constitution of self and the subjective emotion, of the Chinese people have received much critical attention from modern psychologists. Taoism and Buddhism offer religious doctrines and practices to transcend the sense of angst brought on by affection. In religious Taoism, the human world is viewed from the perspective of that of the immortals--through the device of people becoming devotees and fables about immortals being cast down to the mortal world--in an attempt to bring attention to the enormous weight of affection, especially those felt between men and women, in the worldly folks. This feature, while having both similarities to and differences from the Buddhist approach, is a clear manifestation of the alternative life view of the Chinese: relations between people and between the sexes are portrayed against the backdrop of a deterministic fatalism to explain the role of destiny and fate therein. Even though the arena in which the contrast between affection and its transcendence is played out is that of the mortal world, such fables as used in fiction and drama are able to give a profound insight into the religious essence of affection insofar as they portray affection in the form of debt that the immortals have to pay off before they could return to the realm of immortals. Examples of this sort of karmic understanding can be found in fictional works from the T'ang dynasty right down to the ”Dream of the Red Chamber” in Ch'ing times. Where the Buddhist perspective focuses on the doctrinal aspects of emptiness and illusion, the Taoist use of these fables inculcates an understanding both that emotional hardships in this life are a type of penance and that going from being ensnared by affection to understanding it is a type of initiation and redemption. From this we can see that these fables have a religious aspect to them, and the writing and popularity of a work like ”Dream of the Red Chamber” proves that classical Chinese fiction was certainly not lacking in the area of religious overtones.

並列關鍵字

immortals cast into the human realm ； initiation and redemption ； "Dream of the Red Chamber" ； enlightenment ； redemption