涉外船舶擱淺污染海事案件選法適用之研究─兼論「阿瑪斯輪」擱淺汙染案件之法律問題

A Study on Choice of Laws in Maritime Cases of Wreck Removal and Oil Pollution

張元宵(James Y. Chang)

《臺灣海洋法學報》 1卷1期 (2002/06) Pp. 37-152

https://doi.org/10.29881/TLSR.200206.0002

摘要

本文稱「涉外海事案件」者，指涉及港、澳、中華人民共和國（簡稱「中共」）及其他英美日等外國之海事案件而言。本文稱「國際公約」者兼指公法關係之國際公約及私法關係之國際公約。一般而言，涉外民事案件通常僅可能適用私法關係之法律規範。但在涉外海事案件，有關船舶「形式適航性」（指船舶文書所表徵之適航性）之存否，及擱淺船舶漏油污染及船貨移除等問題，性質可能是公法關係，難免間接影響船舶所有人、營運人或運送人及船長之私法權利義務關係，合先說明。海運事業是國際性事業，船舶為海運事業必備的交通工具。船舶航行各國港口，難免涉外海事案件之發生。相關海事案件之選法適用，宜以「船籍國」為重要連接因素，我國法院宜利用船籍國為公約簽署加入國之規範關係，儘量適用相關國際公約，俾海事案件審理能與國際公約相應配合，尤其我國法院處理涉外海事案件時，縱其案件發生地或當事船舶扣押地為我國，在涉外船舶海事民事責任之審理上，有無適用我國法律之「必然性」有待檢討。不宜以我國非該公約之簽署加入國為籍口而拒絕適用該公約。俾審判實務與國際海事公約規範「接軌」，可減少或免除爭議。本文之作，首論「海事案件」及「涉外海事案件」之意義，次就相關國際公約及我國法規為經，並就希臘籍阿瑪斯輪擱淺事件引生之法律問題，申論涉外海事案件選法適用國際公約及我國法令之合法性及必要性，尤其建議以系爭船舶「船籍國」作為法院審理民事賠償選法適用之連結因素，當有助於油污賠償及沉船移除之解決，可供參考。

關鍵字

海事案件 ； 選法適用 ； 船舶污染 ； 阿瑪斯輪 ； 沉船移除公約

並列摘要

This article is focused upon the conflict of laws problem in Maritime cases which foreign ships grounded in local state. The choice of law concerns shipowners'civil liability for oil pollution damage and wreck removal. The M.V. AMORGOS accident is fully discussed by reference to Republic of China(ROC)supreme court and high court Judgements in a similar case, A draft wreck removal convention (WRC) is being developed by the Legal Committee of IMO(International Maritime Organization) and it is anticipated that it will be ready for consideration by a Diplomatic Conference in the 2004-2005 biennium. The WRC is intended to provide international rules on the rights and obligations of States and shipowners in dealing with wrecks and drifting or sunken cargo which may pose a hazard to navigation and/or pose a threat to the marine environment. The draft Convention currently being considered by the Legal Committee is intended to clarify rights and obligations regarding the identification, reporting, locating and removal of hazardous wrecks, in particular those found beyond territorial waters.The author suggests that the nationality or flag of subject-vessel registered in a member state of a proper international convention is sufficient to the application of such convention in ROC civil legal procedure even ROC is not a member of such convention.

並列關鍵字

Maritime cases ； conflict of laws ； Choice of Laws ship pollution ； M.V. AMORGOS ； wreck removal convention