臺灣枇杷栽培之回顧與目前栽培上之問題

Retrospect and Current Cultural Problems of Loquat Production in Taiwan

林嘉興(Jia-Hsing Lin) ； 張林仁(Lin-Ren Chang)

《臺中區農業改良場特刊》 34號 (1994/06) Pp. 17-36

https://doi.org/10.29563/ZHWHGX.199406.0002

摘要

台灣光復前後專業栽培枇杷之果園較少，大都與其他果樹混植，無固定的整枝與修剪方法，其樹型高大，果園採放任栽培，無適當的田間管理技術，結果不穩定、產量低、品質差。因此光復後二十多年間，全省枇杷栽培面積維持在40~80公頃之間，收穫量僅160~300公噸。民國五十年以後，原來在枇杷園內間作業之其他果樹逐漸減少，同時採用矮化樹型便於果園作業，農民逐漸了解肥料及農藥使用方法，使枇杷栽培面積迅速擴大；至民國六十一年栽培面積突破1000公頃，收穫量達8590公噸。此後，國人飲食習慣逐漸轉變為營養價值高之蔬果類，水果消費量逐年增加，且枇杷在3~4月各類水果上市之前供果，在市場競爭性較少，果實品質隨著栽培經驗累積而提升；至民國六十四年種植面積高達2574公頃，產量為21033公噸。此一、二十年間才發展的果樹產業，在政府機關輔導與試驗單位相繼開發各項田間應用技術之推廣，並配辛勤農友們共同努力的結果，而帶動枇杷產業快速成長。由於枇杷果園管理作業需要大量人力，在農村勞力逐漸缺乏，同時其他水果產期調節技術亦趨成熟，已有許多水果調節在春季生產，使枇杷失去春季水果市場之優勢，民國六十九年以後栽培面積逐漸下降，到民國七十七年栽培面積降至1378公頃，收穫量10184公噸。因此，未來必須在產銷結構上加以調整，並建立相關栽培管理技術基準，以提升果實品質，選育耐候性及抗病性強之新品種，分散產期，以符合未來市場趨向高級化及多樣化之需求，以免枇杷產業造成危機。

並列摘要

There was few specialized loquat orchards in 1950's, most of the loquat trees is intercropped with other fruit trees and lack of proper pruning and management resulted in low yielding and fruit quality. The total acreage is among 40 to 80 ha in 1961, and reached 1,000 ha in 1972 and 2,574 ha in 1975. The increment of loquat acreage is due to the following factors: shorten of tree form, general usage of chemical fertilizer and agricultural chemicals, reduction of mixed culture with other fruit trees, the unique harvesting period from March to April while there is no other fruit yet in the market. As the successful development of regulation technique for production season in many fruit trees, loquat production faced many competition, not only on high labor requirement as well as marketing priority. The acreage of loquat production is decreased to 1,378 ha in 1988. Thus, the production and marketing structure should be adjusted in the future, as well as establish the related cultural technique, enhance fruit quality, introduce new variety with disease resistance to meet the demand of high-quality and diversification of market trends. This paper discussed the retrospect and current cultural problems of loquat production in Taiwan.